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Biology A level > Unit 8 - The control of gene expression > Flashcards

Unit 8 - The control of gene expression Flashcards

1
Q

Types of mutations

A

Substitution
Deletion
Addition
Duplication
Inversion
Translocation

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2
Q

Why don’t all mutations affect the order of amino acids

A

Because Dna is degenerate

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3
Q

Why do additions, duplications and deletions have a higher chance of causing mutation?

A

They cause a frame shift which affects more codons

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4
Q

3 ways that mutagenic agents can cause mutation

A

Act as a base
Alter bases
Changing structure of DNA

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5
Q

Features of benign tumours

A

Non cancerous
Slow growing
Cannot form metastases

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6
Q

Features of malignant tumours

A

Grow rapidly
Form metastases
Travel using blood/ lymphatic system

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7
Q

Features of tumour cells

A

Irregular in shape
Larger nucleus
Don’t produce full proteome
Dont respond to growth- regulating processes
Divide more frequently than other cells

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8
Q

Features of tumour cells

A

Irregular in shape
Larger nucleus
Don’t produce full proteome
Dont respond to growth- regulating processes
Divide more frequently than other cells

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9
Q

Two types of factors that increase risk of cancer

A

Environmental factors
Genetic factors

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10
Q

Two types of factors that increase risk of cancer

A

Environmental factors
Genetic factors

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11
Q

What are stem cells

A

An unspecialised cell which can multiply indefinitely and can differentiate to become a specialised cell

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12
Q

4 types of stem cells

A

Totipotent
Pluripotent
Multipotent
Unipotent

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13
Q

What can stem cells be used to treat?

A

Spinal cord injuries
Heart disease and damage
Bladder conditions
Respiratory diseases
Organ transplants

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14
Q

3 sources of stem cells

A

Adult stem cells (Bone marrow)
Embryonic stem cells (Embryos 4-5 days old)
Induced pluripotent (Specialised cells which have been treated)

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15
Q

Ethical issues with embryonic stem cells

A

It is destruction of an embryo which could become a fetus
At the moment of fertilisation the induvidual has the right to life
Adult stem cells ar not as useful as embryonic stem cells
Some induced pluripotent stem cells may be rejected by the body

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16
Q

Steps for oestrogen promoting transcription of genes

A
  • Oestrogen binds to a transcription factor forming an oestrogen- oestrogen receptor complex
  • This activates the transcription factor
  • This then binds to the promoter region of the gene
  • This allows RNA polymarase to bind and transcription to occur
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17
Q

Types of interfering molecules

A

SiRNA
miRNA

18
Q

Which is more complementary to the DNA- miRNA or siRNA

A

siRNA

19
Q

How does siRNA work

A

Associates with proteins which cut the DNA when siRNA binds

20
Q

How does miRNA work?

A

Associates with proteins which block transcription when miRNA binds

21
Q

How does methlation affect transcription?

A

Decreases transcription of gene

22
Q

How dooes acetylation offect transcription?

A

Increases transcription of gene.

23
Q

Why is ot harder to translate the genome of complex organisms?

A
  • They have large sections of non- coding DNA
  • ## They have large complex regultory genes
24
Q

Why use newer sequencing methods?

A
  • Less labour intensive
  • Cheaper
  • Can be done on a much larger scale
25
Q

methods of isolating genes

A

Using reverse transcriptase to produce CDNA
Using restriction endonuclease enzymes
Gene machine

26
Q

Methods of gene amplification

A

In vivo- gene inserted into a vector- vector inserted into host cell
In vitro- using PCR

27
Q

Methods of identification of transgenic host cells

A

Marker genes

28
Q

Types of gene mutations

A

Addition
Deletion
Substitution
Inversion
Duplication
Translocation

29
Q

Step 3- Identification of transformed organisms

A
  • Marker genes inserted at same time as gene being replicated
  • Host cells grown on agar plates
  • Marker gene can code for antibiotic resistance
  • Colonies which survive in antibiotic are grown (replica plating)
30
Q

Two types of gene therapy

A

Somatic therapy- Body cells
Germ line therapy- Sex cells

31
Q

Uses of screening using DNA probes and hybridisation

A

Identifies heritable conditions
Determines how a patient will respond to specific drugs
To identify health risks

32
Q

Using electrophoresis to compare DNA of samples

A
  • DNA cut
  • Using restriction endonuclease
  • Use electrophoresis
  • Separate according to length
  • Add absorbent paper to make them visible (southern blotting)
  • Make single-stranded by heating/ using alkali
  • Apply radioactive probe and use autoradiography
  • Different tandem repeats= different length
33
Q

Uses of genetic fingerprinting

A
  • Determine genetic relationships
  • Determine genetic variability within a population
  • Determine culprit in forensic science
  • Medical diagnosis
  • Animal and plant breeding
34
Q

Uses of human genome project

A
  • Aids the understanding of gene function and interaction
  • Scientists can identify genes which are linked to cancer
  • Identified genes related to Alzheimers
35
Q

Medical uses of Identifying genes

A

Identifying dangerous alleles which have been inherited

36
Q

General uses of identifying genes

A

Checking parents of child
Selective breeding
Forensic science in crime

37
Q

Application of genome projects

A

Genetic screening for inherited diseases
Developing medical treatments for genetic diseases

38
Q

What are primers and what do they do?

A

Single-stranded DNA
Mark beginning and end of DNA being amplified

39
Q

What is a vector

A

Carrier of DNA/ gene into another cell

40
Q

Steps in PCR

A

Temperature is increased to 95 degrees to split DNA into single strands

Temperature then cooled to 55 degrees to allow primers to anneal

Heated again to 72 degrees which is optimum temperature for DNA polymerase to replicate DNA

41
Q

In what direction do strands move in electrophoresis

A

From negative to positive electrode

42
Q

What can DNA hybridisation be used for

A

Screen for heritable conditions
Check potential drug responses
Check for health risks

Biology A level (13 decks)

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