Unit 8- Motivation and Emotion

Question 1

Define:motivation

Answer 1

a need or desire that serves to energize or direct behavior

Question 2

What are needs or desires that energize behavior toward a goal?

Answer 2

motives

Question 3

To be considered a true instinct, or inherited behavior pattern characteristic of a species, what must it be?

Answer 3

stereotypical## FootnoteAn instinct must be performed automatically in the same way by all members of a species in response to a specific stimulus.

Question 4

What is the level of alertness, wakefulness, and activation caused by activity in the central nervous system?

Answer 4

arousal

Question 5

List four primary drives.

Answer 5

1. hunger2. thirst3. need to sleep4. drive to reproduce

Question 6

The desire to obtain learned reinforcers, like money or social acceptance, is known as __________.

Answer 6

secondary reinforcers## FootnoteSecondary reinforcers are also known as secondary drives.

Question 7

What are the four primary theories attempting to explain the link between neurophysiology and motivated behavior?

Answer 7

1. instinct theory2. arousal theory3. opponent-process theory4. drive-reduction theory

Question 8

Which theory of motivation, supported by evolutionary psychology, contends that the learning of species-specific behavior motivates organisms to do whatever is necessary to ensure their survival?

Answer 8

instinct theory

Question 9

What does the arousal theory of motivation state?

Answer 9

The arousal theory of motivation states that there is an optimum level of arousal (or: alertness and activation) at which performance on a given task is optimal.

Question 10

What is the Yerkes-Dodson law, and on what theory of motivation is it based?

Answer 10

The Yerkes-Dodson law states that tasks of moderate difficulty elicit the highest level of performance. High levels of arousal for easy tasks and low levels of arousal for difficult tasks are preferred.This law is based off of the arousal theory of motivation.

Question 11

The opponent-process theory of motivation, most relevant to the concept of __________, suggests that we are motivated to seek stimuli that make us feel emotion, after which an opposing motivational force brings us back in the direction of a baseline.

Answer 11

addiction

Question 12

Which theory of motivation posits that psychological needs put stress on the body and that we are motivated to reduce this negative experience?

Answer 12

drive-reduction theory

Question 13

Homeostasis is important because it keeps our body in a constant state of equilibrium. Through what operation does homeostasis occur?

Answer 13

negative feedback loop

Question 14

_______ is the sum total of all chemical processes that occur in our bodies and are necessary to keep us alive.

Answer 14

Metabolism

Question 15

What are three environmental cues that regulate eating behavior?

Answer 15

1. learned preferences2. food-related cues3. stress

Question 16

In terms of regulatory functioning, what is the role of the hypothalamus?

Answer 16

hunger, sex, and other homeostatic functioning

Question 17

What are the two candidate hypotheses for the feedback loops controlling eating?

Answer 17

1. glucostatic hypothesis2. lipostatic hypothesis

Question 18

Explain how the glucostatic theory of homeostatic regulation works.

Answer 18

Glucose is the primary fuel of the brain and most other organs; when insulin (a hormone produced to regulate glucose) rises, glucose decreases. In order to restore glucostatic balance, a person needs to eat.## FootnoteThis theory gained support through the discovery that the hypothalamus has cells that detect glucose.

Question 19

What is one shortcoming of the glucostatic theory of homeostatic regulation of eating?

Answer 19

• Blood glucose levels are transient; it is unlikely that such a variable measure could control body weight, which tends to remain stable from early adulthood* Diabetics, who suffer from an insulin production disorder, have elevated blood glucose levels but are no less hungry than other people

Question 20

Describe the lipostatic hypothesis.

Answer 20

The lipostatic hypothesis states that fat is the measured and controlled substance in the body that regulates hunger; it provides the long-term energy store for our bodies.## FootnoteThis hypothesis gained support after the discovery of leptin, a hormone secreted by fat cells, which is used by the brain to monitor the amount of fat in the body.

Question 21

In order to be diagnosed with anorexia nervosa, one must be what percentage below ideal body weight?

Answer 21

15%

Question 22

What two states characterize bulimia nervosa?

Answer 22

1. binging 2. purging

Question 23

What are characteristics of obesity?

Answer 23

Obesity is seen in people who are significantly overweight, which frequently causes health problems. Obesity can be caused by unhealthy eating patterns or genetic predisposition.

Question 24

Humans can live only a few days without water because of the many mechanisms through which water leaves the body. What are three such mechanisms?

Answer 24

1. sweat2. urine3. exhalation

Question 25

Which theory of obesity claims that each person has a preset natural body weight determined by the number of fat cells in our body?

Answer 25

set-point theory

Question 26

Which area of the brain is greatly implicated in drinking?

Answer 26

hypothalamus

Question 27

What part of the brain is responsible for telling us to eat?

Answer 27

The lateral hypothalamus tells us to eat; without it, we will starve and die.

Question 28

What part of the brain tells us when to stop eating?

Answer 28

The ventromedial hypothalamus is responsible for knowing when we are satiated and telling us we do not need to eat any more.## FootnoteThe lateral and ventromedial areas of the hypothalamus work together to keep the body in stasis.

Question 29

__________ and __________, the primary sexual hormones in males and females, are produced by the pituitary gland and ignite the motivation to reproduce.

Answer 29

Androgens; estrogens

Question 30

What are the four stages in the biological sexual response cycle, as cited by Masters and Johnson?

Answer 30

1. excitement (sexual arousal)2. plateau3. orgasm4. resolution

Question 31

Who was the theorist responsible for proposing a hierarchical system for organizing needs?

Answer 31

Abraham Maslow

Question 32

What are the five levels of the hierarchical system of needs?

Answer 32

1. physiological needs 2. safety and security needs3. belongingness needs4. self-esteem needs5. self-actualization

Question 33

True or false:Maslow’s hierarchy of needs are listed in a strict order, in which each lower level need must be met in order for the next category to be filled in.

Answer 33

TRUE

Question 34

According to Maslow, when does self-actualization, the ultimate goal of human beings, occur?

Answer 34

Self-actualization occurs when one finds a way to fulfill one’s own potential.

Question 35

According to cognitive psychologists, motivating factors of behavior can be divided into what two subsets?

Answer 35

1. intrinsic factors 2. extrinsic factors

Question 36

What is the basis of incentive theory?

Answer 36

Positive or negative environmental stimuli motivate behavior toward a goal.

Question 37

Which theory of motivation, proposed by Richard Lazarus, proposes that our emotional experience depends on our interpretation of the situation we’re in?

Answer 37

cognitive-appraisal theory

Question 38

Often aroused when people feel threatened, anxious, or celebratory, which motive is characterized by the need to be with others?

Answer 38

affiliation motive

Question 39

Extrinsic motivators come from the __________, and are often associated with getting an education, having a job, and being sociable.

Answer 39

outside world

Question 40

Intrinsic motivation, which emanates from __________ is associated with creativity and enjoyment.

Answer 40

within ourselves

Question 41

__________, the need to feel competent and in control, is an important intrinsic motivator, although it frequently conflicts with the pressures of extrinsic motivators.

Answer 41

Self-determination

Question 42

The desires to meet internalized standards of excellence, according to McLelland, are known as __________.

Answer 42

achievement motives

Question 43

What is the overjustification effect?

Answer 43

According to the overjustification effect, after receiving an external reward for doing something for which one is intrinsically motivated, intrinsic motivation often diminishes.

Question 44

What is self-efficacy?

Answer 44

Self-efficacy is the belief that we can or cannot attain a particular goal.

Question 45

According to Lewin, what are the four types of conflict?

Answer 45

1. approach-approach2. avoidance-avoidance3. approach-avoidance4. multiple approach-avoidance

Question 46

If I have to choose one snack between two of my favorite foods, what conflict would this be classified under, according to Lewin?

Answer 46

approach-approach

Question 47

The saying “the lesser of two evils” refers to which type of conflict, according to Lewin?

Answer 47

avoidance-avoidance

Question 48

What is the approach-avoidance conflict characterized by, according to Lewin?

Answer 48

presentation of only one choice that carries both pluses and minuses

Question 49

What kind of conflict, according to Lewin, is characterized by many options, each carrying its own positives and negatives?

Answer 49

multiple approach-avoidance

Question 50

Describe the James-Lange theory of emotion.

Answer 50

This theory asserts that changes in physiological states occur before and result in emotion.

Question 51

Which theory of emotion, as a response to the James-Lange theory, asserts that the physiological response to emotion and the experience of emotion occur simultaneously in response to emotion-provoking stimuli?

Answer 51

cannon-bard theory of emotion

Question 52

What are the two factors of Schachter and Singer’s two factor theory of emotion?

Answer 52

1. physiological arousal 2. how we cognitively label the experience of arousal

Question 53

What are the three stages in Selye’s general adaptation syndrome that describe our body’s reaction to stress?

Answer 53

1. alarm2. resistance3. exhaustion

Question 54

This scale, created by Holmes and Rahe, rates stressful events in our lives; it is meant to determine the probability of facing a major health event within the next year.

Answer 54

social readjustment rating scale (SRRS)

Question 55

Name four health risks associated with high levels of stress.

Answer 55

1. decreased immunity2. high blood pressure3. headaches4. heart disease

Question 56

What characterizes a maladaptive coping strategy to stress?

Answer 56

failure to remove the stressor or substitution of one stressor for another

Question 57

What type of coping strategy for stress is characterized by taking direct action through problem solving?

Answer 57

adaptive coping strategy

Question 58

Positive psychology, founded by Martin Seligman, is the study of optimal functioning; what are the three pillars of this theory?

Answer 58

1. positive emotions2. positive character3. positive groups, communities, and cultures