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BHSC 2203 - Patho > Unit 8 - GI Structure and Function > Flashcards

Unit 8 - GI Structure and Function Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 6 main functions of the GI system?

A
  1. Ingestion
  2. Mastication (chewing)
  3. Deglutition (swallowing)
  4. Digestion
  5. Absorption
  6. Defecation
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2
Q

What does the liver secrete?

A

Bile

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3
Q

What is the function of the gallbladder?

A

Storage of bile

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4
Q

What is the function of the large intestine?

A

Dehydration and compaction of indigestible materials

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5
Q

What is the function of the stomach?

A

Chemical breakdown of ingested material

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6
Q

What is the digestive function of the pancreas?

A

Secretes digestive enzymes

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7
Q

What is the function of the small intestine?

A

Enzymatic digestion and absorption of water, organic substances, vitamins and ions

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8
Q

What is the mesentery?

A

Fold of tissue that attaches the organs to the body wall

- supplies intestines with blood vessels, lymph and nerves

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9
Q

What can happen if the mesentery are too long?

A

Twisting

- cut off blood supply to the intestines (close or compress blood vessels)

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10
Q

What are the 5 main layers of the GI tract?

A
  1. Peritoneum
  2. Smooth muscle
  3. Submucosa
  4. Mucosa
  5. Lumen
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11
Q

How much saliva is secreted into the oral cavity each day?

A

1 - 1.5 litres of saliva

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12
Q

What are the 5 functions of saliva?

A
  1. Amylase - digest starch
  2. Lingual lipase - digests fat (in the stomach)
  3. Mucus - aids in swallowing
  4. Lysozyme - kills bacteria
  5. Immunoglobulin A - inhibits bacterial growth
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13
Q

If someone has a tumor of the salivary glands (aka … less saliva), what can you expect/project?

A
  • Infections in the mouth (less lysozyme and immunoglobulin A)
  • Difficulty tasting (less starch digestion)
  • Difficulty swallowing (less mucus)
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14
Q

What are the two phases of swallowing?

A
  1. Buccal phase (makes a bolus - voluntary)

2. Pharyngeal and esophageal phase (bolus pushed down esophagus - involuntary)

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15
Q

What prevents food from entering the lungs?

A

Epiglottis

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16
Q

What does the esophagus pass through to enter the stomach?

A

Esophageal hiatus in the diaphragm

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17
Q

If the lower esophageal sphicter is loose, what can happen?

A

Acid reflux

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18
Q

What do the longitudinal, circular, and oblique muscle layers of the stomach do?

A

Help mix up ingested food

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19
Q

In the stomach, what is the function of mucus cells?

A

Produce mucus

- prevents erosion of gastric mucosa

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20
Q

What do chief cells in the stomach produce (2)?

A
  1. Pepsinogen

2. Chymosin

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21
Q

What do parietal cells in the stomach produce (2)?

A
  1. HCl (Hydrocholoric acid)

2. Intrinsic factor

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22
Q

Why is intrinsic factor important? What can it lead to if you are deficient in intrinsic factor?

A

Helps with absorption of vitamin B12

- if you are deficient, could lead to pernicious anemia

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23
Q

How much gastric juice do we produce a day?

A

2-3 litres

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24
Q

What happens if there is a lot of gastric secretion on an empty stomach?

A

Ulceration

25
Q

How is H+ pumped into the stomach?

A

By H+K+ATPase

- antiporter uses ATP to pump H+ into stomach and K+ out

26
Q

What are the three phases of gastric secretion?

A
  1. Cephalic phase (gastric secretions at thought of food)
  2. Gastric phase (digestive enzymes)
  3. Intestinal phase (secretion of bicarbonate and more enzymes)
27
Q

How can we control gastric acidity?

A
  1. Disabling H+K+ATPase
  2. Proton pump inhibitors (pantaproazole, ometraprazole, -zole family)
  3. Antacids
28
Q

What is the rebound effect of antacids?

A

If you use too many antacids, your body will compensate and produce MORE acid to balance out

29
Q

What are the functions of hydrochloric acid (4)?

A
  1. Activates enymes (pepsin and lingual lipase)
  2. Breaks up connective tissue and plant cell walls
  3. Converts ingested Fe+3 to Fe+2 (used for hemoglobin synthesis)
  4. Destroys ingested bacteria and pathogens
30
Q

What happens to bacterial growth in the stomach if HCl is decreased?

A

Overgrowth

31
Q

How is pepsin activated in the stomach?

A
  1. Parietal cells release HCl.
  2. Chief cells release pepsinogen.
  3. HCl converts pepsinogen to pepsin
32
Q

What does the pancreas secrete (4)?

A
  1. HCO3-
  2. Proteases
  3. Lipases
  4. Amylases
33
Q

At what pH does pancreatic enzymes work best?

A

pH 8

- therefore, pancreatic juice contains sodium bicarbonate

34
Q

How much pancreatic juice is secreted everyday?

A

1500 mL

35
Q

Where is CCK released from?

A

Duodenum

36
Q

What stimulates the release of CCK?

A

In response to arrival of acid and fat
- causes contraction of gallbladder (release of bile), secretion of pancreatic enzymes, relaxation of hepatopancreatic sphincter

37
Q

Where is secretin released from?

A

Duodenum

38
Q

What stimulates the release of secretin?

A

In response to arrival of acidic chyme

- stimulates all ducts to secrete more bicarbonate

39
Q

How are carbohydrates digested?

A
  1. Salivary amylase (in the mouth)
  2. Pancreatic amylase (in duodenum)
  3. Brush border enzymes (in duodenum, jejunum and ileum)
40
Q

What happens if there are insufficient secretion of digestive enzymes?

A

Incomplete absorption

41
Q

What breaks down fat?

A
  • Bile (emulsifies fats)

- Pancreatic lipase

42
Q

Where is the majority of water absorbed in the digestive tract?

A

8L in the small intestine

- 0.8L in the large intestine

43
Q

What is the function of the large intestine?

A

Compaction of fecal matter

- squeezes out remaining water

44
Q

What are the pockets of large intestine called?

A

Haustra

45
Q

What happens if there is inflammation in the large intestine?

A

Stool is of small volume (not being compacted properly)

  • still results in diarrhea
  • stool will be covered in mucus
46
Q

What is the role of Peyer’s patches in the large intestine?

A

Lymphatic nodules that defend the large intestine

47
Q

Why do you not see Peyer’s patches close to the stomach?

A

Because they are not needed

  • stomach acid effectively kills off bacteria
  • once bicarbonate is added to digested material, then peyer’s patches are needed
48
Q

What are the functions of bowel motility (3)?

A
  1. Mixes chyme with intestinal juice, bile and pancreatic juice
  2. Churns chyme to increase contact with mucosa for absorption and digestion
  3. Moves residue towards large intestine
49
Q

What are the three types of bowel motility?

A
  1. Segmentation
  2. Peristalsis
  3. Mass movements
50
Q

What is segmentation? Where does it occur?

A
  • random ringlike constrictions
  • mixes and churns intestinal contents
  • occurs 12 times per min in duodenum
51
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

Wave-like contraction beginning in duodenum

- push chyme along for 2 hours

52
Q

How many mass movements do we have a day?

A

1-3

53
Q

What is the transit time through the small intestine?

A

2-4 hours

54
Q

How quickly does content move through the large intestine?

A

5 - 10 cm per hour

55
Q

What stimulates defacation?

A

Stretching of the rectum

- intrinsic defecation reflex causes muscularis to contract and internal sphincter to relax

56
Q

True or False:

Defacation reflex involves parasympathetic nerves

A

True

57
Q

True or False:

Defacation occurs only if external anal sphincter is voluntarily relaxed

A

True

58
Q

True or False:

Men have longer GI tracts than women

A

False

  • females have longer GI tracts than males
  • we don’t know why
59
Q

Describe the steps involved in the neural control of defacation

A
  1. Filling of the rectum
  2. Reflex contraction of rectum and relaxation of internal anal sphincter
  3. Voluntary relaxation of external sphincter

BHSC 2203 - Patho (13 decks)

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