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Biology > Unit 8: Cell Growth & Division > Flashcards

Unit 8: Cell Growth & Division Flashcards

0
Q

Chromosome

A

The x-shaped structures in the nucleus of the cell that carry the directions or “recipes” for everything the cell does and makes.

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1
Q

Cells divide to…

A
  1. Grow

2. Replace injured cells

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2
Q

Gene

A

The individual recipe for making each and every one if your characteristics or traits.
Look like little stripes on chromosome.

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3
Q

Chromatin

A

Unorganized genetic material.

Has all of the same “recipes” that would be found on a chromosome.

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4
Q

Chromatid

A

Half of a single chromosome.
Made up if chromatin.
Held together in the centromere.

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5
Q

Mitosis

A

Part of cell cycle.

Ensures that genetic material and cells produced during CC are identical.

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6
Q

Interphase

A

Occurs IN between mitosis cycles
Growth
DNA replicates

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7
Q

Mitosis

A

The cell and genetic information is divided into TWO cells.

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8
Q

Prophase

A

Part of mitosis
PRO=NO nucleus
Spindle fibers shoot out of the centrioles.

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9
Q

Metaphase

A

Chromosomes lines up in the MIDDLE

Spindle fibers attach to centromeres

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10
Q

Anaphase

A

Chromosomes are pulled apart by spindle fibers.

After metaphase before telophase

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11
Q

Telophase

A

Two new nuclei start to form
Nuclear membrane starts to regrow
Nucleolus reappears
After anaphase

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12
Q

Cytokinesis

A

The cytoplasm pinches in and separates forming two new cells

Half the genetically material it had in prophase

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13
Q

Centromere

A

The point where chromatids form chromosomes

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14
Q

Prokaryotic Chromosomes

A

No nucleus

Usually just one, circular chromosome containing majority of DNA

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15
Q

Eukaryotic chromosome

A

Generally have more DNA than prokaryotes

Generally have multiple chromosomes

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16
Q

Histones

A

Proteins around which DNA coils

17
Q

Nucleosomes

A

DNA/histone complexes

Packed tightly together

18
Q

The cell cycle

A

Cell gets bigger
Cells prepare for division
Cell divides into two daughter cells which are genetically identical

19
Q

Prokaryotic cell cycle

A

Binary fission
Can occur quickly
Asexual
Fibers form between the new chromosomes causing the cell to pinch in

20
Q

Eukaryotic cell cycle

A

Length of cycle depends on cell
Two parts: interphase and mitosis
Four phases: G1, S, G2 and M

21
Q

PMAT

A 
Phases of mitosis
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
22
Q

Spindles

A

Shoot out of centromeres AND centrioles

23
Q

Prometaphase

A

The time when prophase transitions into metaphase

Begins once nuclear membrane has dissolved

24
Q

What is the order of the cell cycle?

A 
Interphase
Prophase
Prometaphase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis
25
Q

What does the cell do in cell cycle?

A 
Grow
Duplicate
Grow
Separate
Divide
26
Q

S phase

A

Synthesis
DNA is replicated
Twice as much DNA afterwards
Chromatin

27
Q

G1

A

Growth
Proteins are made
Organelles are made
Chromatin

28
Q

G2

A

Growing organelles and molecules

Chromatin

29
Q

Cyclins

A

Protein “signal” that regulated when eukaryotic cells start and stop the cell cycles

30
Q

Apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death
Why we have fingers and toes
Help shape tissues and structures

31
Q

Benign tumor

A

Mass of no cancerous cells

Does not spread

32
Q

Malignant tumor

A

Mass of cancerous cells

Life threatening

33
Q

Metastasis

A

Malignant tumor can invade and destroy surrounding healthy tissue

34
Q

Carcinogens

A

Known substances that cause cancer

35
Q

Flow chart of cancer cells

A

Cancer cells do not respond to signals that regulate cell growth
Form a mass of cells called a tumor
May break loose and spread
Metastasis

36
Q

Differentiation/specialization

A

The process of becoming specialized

37
Q

Stem cells

A

Unspecialized cells from which differentiated cells can develop

38
Q

Totipotent

A

Able to develop into any type of body

39
Q

Pluripotent

A

Can develop into most, but not all, types of body cells

40
Q

Blastocyst

A

Name for hollow ball of cells after 4 days
Inner cell mass: embryo
Out cells: tissues

41
Q

Mulitpotent

A

Adult stem cells
More limited potential
i.e. blood, skin and bone marrow cells

Biology (6 decks)

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