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t.2 chemistry > unit 8 carb metabolism > Flashcards

unit 8 carb metabolism Flashcards

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1
Q

exogenous sources of carbs

A

starch, disaccharides, monosaccharides (all further digested into monos)

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2
Q

endogenous source of carbs

A

gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis

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3
Q

examples of monosach

A

glucose, fructose galactose

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4
Q

maltose is a

A

dissacharide

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5
Q

what organ is helpful with blood glucose

A

liver

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6
Q

gluconeogenesis def

A

making new glucose

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7
Q

glycogenolysis def

A

breakdown of glycogen

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8
Q

what are the 4 major pathways for glucose

A

glycogenolysis, glycogenesis, glycolysis, gluconeogenesis

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9
Q

what is used to make glucose

A

3 carbon pyruvate

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10
Q

acetyl coa has how many carbons

A

2

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11
Q

what are the 5 ways to cataolize glucose or glycogen

A

aerobic glycolysis, anaerobic glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway, Krebs cycle, oxidative phosphorylation

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12
Q

all digestive enzymes belong to class ()

A

class 3-hydrolases

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13
Q

what does it mean when an enzyme is classed as a hydrolase

A

means it need water

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14
Q

alpha amylase starts where in body

A

mouth

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15
Q

what is the amylase in the salivary glands

A

ptyalin

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16
Q

what is the general name for amylase

A

alpha amylase

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17
Q

where do u find alpha amylase

A

pancreas and salivary glands

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18
Q

what does alpha amylase digest

A

starch into glucose, maltose and isomaltose

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19
Q

where is disaccharides produced in the body (from digestion)

A

small intestine

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20
Q

maltase breaks down

A

maltose = 2 glucose

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21
Q

isomaltase breaks down

A

isomaltose = 2 glucose

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22
Q

lactase breaks down

A

lactose = glucose + galactose

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23
Q

sucrose breaks down

A

sucrose = glucose + fructose

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24
Q

how many steps to make glucose to pyruvate

A

10

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25
Q

how many steps in Krebs cycle

A

8

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26
Q

besides energy, catabolism of glucose yields (with gluconeogenesis)

A

amino acid synthesis

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27
Q

besides energy, lipid metabolism also yields

A

nucleotide synthesis

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28
Q

besides energy pentose phosphate pathway yields

A

tetrapyrrole synthesis for pophyrins

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29
Q

what 3 pathways synthesize non-essential amino acids

A

aerobic glycolysis, Krebs, transamination

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30
Q

what 3 pathways synthezise lipids from acetyl coa

A

glycolysis, Krebs, pentose phos path

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31
Q

what pathways synthesizes nucleic acids

A

pentose phosphate pathway

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32
Q

what pathways generate glucouronic acid

A

uronic acid pathway

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33
Q

what is the function of glucouronic acid

A

converts insoluble to solubale compounds in liver

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34
Q

two main functions of gluconeogenesis

A

maintain blood glucose level and stores energy

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35
Q

what is the general rule about compound synthesis in the cytosol

A

reactions where make compounds that are not related to energy production happen in cytosol

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36
Q

what is a big difference (2) of aerobic glycolysis and anerobic

A

uses 02 which is the final acceptor of e.t.c.

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37
Q

definition of aerobic glycolysis

A

metabolic breakdown of glucose to pyruvate for release of energy

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38
Q

what 2 process happen in mitochondria

A

e.t.c and Krebs (directly involed with creation of atp)

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39
Q

3 big keys to remember about aerobic glycolysis

A
  1. occurs in cytosol of cell
  2. requires NAD+
  3. only occurs when there is O2 in the tissue
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40
Q

the o2 used in aerobic glycolysis is required directly or indirectly

A

indirectly: required for e.t.c which generates nad+ needed for glyc

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41
Q

in glycolysis how many reactions require energy and produce energy

A

5 require energy (makes us commit): glucose to triose phosphate
5 produce energy: triose phosphates to pyruvates

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42
Q

aerobic glycolysis costs how much atp

A

2 atp

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43
Q

aerobic glyc yields () atp

A

4 (times 2 cause of other DHAP formed)

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44
Q

net atp produced with aer. glyc

A

2 atp

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45
Q

aero glyc yields # nadh

A

2

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46
Q

enzymes with the word kinase means

A

it phosphorylates

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47
Q

what is the order of substrates for aerobic glyc

A

glucose > G6P > F6P > F1,6BP > G3P AND DHAP (converts to G3P) > 1,3 BPG > 3PG > 2PG >PEP > pyruvate

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48
Q

what steps involve atp being dephosphorylated into adp in the aero gly

A

glucose to G6P

F6P to F1,6 BP

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49
Q

what steps involve Nad+ being hydrogenated into NADH (and phosphate around) in aerobic gly

A

G3P to 1, 3 BPG

50
Q

what steps in aer gly does ADP get phosphorylated into ATP

A

1,3 BP to 3PG

PEP to pyruvate

51
Q

where does aerobic glyc change from energy utilization phase to the energy production phase

A

production starts when G3P converts to 1,3 BPG

52
Q

what enzyme converts glucose to G6P

A

glucose kinase

53
Q

what enzyme convers g6p to f6p

A

phosphoglucose isomerase (glucose 6 ring, fructose 5 ring with 2 branches)

54
Q

what changes enzyme f6p to f1,6bp

A

pfk-1 (Phosphofructokinase )

55
Q

what enzyme converts f1,6bp to g3p and dhap

A

aldolase

56
Q

what enzyme converts g3p to 1,3 bpg

A

[glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate] dehydrogenase (where nad+ is)

57
Q

what enzyme changes 1,3 bpg to 3pg

A

[phosphoglycerate] kinase (phosphorylatd the adp)

58
Q

what converts 3pg to 2pg

A

[phosphoglycero] mutase (moved phosphate from carbon 3 to 2)

59
Q

what converts 2pg to pep

A

enolase

60
Q

what converts pep to pyruvate

A

pyruvate kinase (of adp)

61
Q

hexokinase is the () for phosphorylation

A

general enzyme for phosp like fructose galactose, manos

62
Q

hexokinase is a () step

A

irreversible

63
Q

normal base glucose in blood #

A

60-100 decilitier

64
Q

how do we keep glucose in the cell

A

phosphorylate it so get a negative charge so cant pass through membrane

65
Q

glucokinase is enzyme for () in the ()

A

glucose in the liver

66
Q

phosphorylation cost us () which means we are ()

A

phosphate/energy so were commited

67
Q

what are g3p and dhap called general term

A

2 triose phosphorylated products

68
Q

what enzyme helps convert dhap to g3p

A

trios phosphate ISOMERASE

69
Q

every step before this enzyme can go backwards

A

triose phosphate isomerase

70
Q

when g3p converts to 1,3 bpg what happens to nad+

A

it gets reduced into nadh

71
Q

what enzyme is involved in substrate level phosphorylation

A

phosphoglycerate kinase (cause high energy 1,3 bpg donates p to adp)

72
Q

think of pep as

A

phosphopyruvate

73
Q

enolase removes () to make pep from 2pg

A

water molecule

74
Q

what enzyme is second for substrate level phosphorylation

A

pyruvate kinase (pep to pyruvate)

75
Q

the third substrate level phosphorylation occurs in

A

citric acid cycle where succinyl -coa to succinate (gdp to gtp)

76
Q

atp synthase (enzyme ) causes what to happen in what pathway

A

adp to atp in etc

77
Q

creatine (phosphor)kinase causes what rxn and where to happen

A

phosphocreatine to creatine in skeletal muscle and brain

78
Q

do all kinases make atp

A

no , they can also consume

79
Q

where is creatine stored

A

in muscle

80
Q

what is creatine for

A

its a reserve for phosphate and get atp locally and faster

81
Q

side effect of creatine

A

weight gain from water

82
Q

what enzyme consumes nadh with anaerobic glycolysis

A

lactate dehydrogenase

83
Q

how many nadh consumed in anaerobic glyc

A

2 nadh

84
Q

electron transport chain two functions

A

make atp in presence of o2

take electrons from nadh to regenerate nad

85
Q

if there is no o2, () does not get regenerated

A

nad

86
Q

in anaerobic conditions u keep doing what pathway

A

glycolysis , never go to Krebs so only make 2 atp insead of 24

87
Q

is lactate to pyruvate a reverse reaction

A

yes

88
Q

what is created as a side thing from lactate into pyruvate

A

nadh

89
Q

naturally the cells wants to move towards () energy not () energy

A

prduce energy not use it (in redocox rxn we move awayf rom energy pathways)

90
Q

Cory cycle is for

A

recycling lactate in the liver

91
Q

liver is good for gluconeogenesis. it uses () to make glucose

A

lactate back to pyruvate and then up the chain to make glucose

92
Q

what happens to lactate when conditions return to normal

A

either converted back to pyruvate or urinated

93
Q

muscle with () fibers with few mitochondria supply enegy rapidly

A

fast twitch

94
Q

high concentrations of () sustain high rates of glycolysis

A

lactate dehydrogenase

95
Q

red blood cells don’t have () in their cells so that means no () for source of atp

A

no mitochondria so no oxidation phosphorylation as sourch of atp

96
Q

red blood cells relie on () to provide energy

A

anaerobic metabolism

97
Q

when does lactate start converting back to pyruvate

A

when o2 levels rise and the etc cycle converts nadh to nad+ to be used

98
Q

insulin helps cell () glucose

A

intake

99
Q

what are the regulated steps in glycolysis

A

glucokinase, hexokinase, pfk, pyruvate kinase

glucose > g6p
f6p > f16bp
pep (phosphoenolpyruvate) > pyruvate

100
Q

when you eat carbs what three enzymes get all increased

A

glucokinase, pfk, pyruvate kinase

101
Q

when ur in a diabetic/starve state pfk, and pyruvate kinase all () and glucokinase is ()

A

decrease, gluco is not affected

102
Q

insulin causes a () with gluco, pfk, pyruvate kin

A

increase

103
Q

activators of pfk are

A 
low energy state
amp
pi
f6p,
f2,6bp
104
Q

activator of pyruvate kinase

A

f1,6bp (build up tells the last enzyme to go so we can clear up jam)

105
Q

inhibitor of glucokinase is

A

g6p (too much product)

106
Q

inhibitor of pfk

A

citrate (from Krebs)
fatty acid (made in cytosol, from Krebs)
atp
glucagon/camp

107
Q

inhibitor of pyruvate kinase

A

ALANINE KNOW (a.a. cause pyruvate and N+ from build up of krebs)
atp
glucagon/camp
epinephrine

108
Q

what are the 4 fates of pyruvate in liver

A

glucose (gluconeogenesis in liver)
acetyl-coA (post glyc, pre Krebs in mitochondria)
L-alanine (transamination: l alanine aminotransferase enzyme)
lactate (anaerobic glyc: lactate dehydrogenase)

109
Q

when pyruvate becomes acetyl coa what are the 2 products

A

CO2 (cuase lost a carbon)

Nadh formed for etc

110
Q

where does the pyruvate becomes acetyl coa

A

in mitochondria

111
Q

conversion of pyruvate to acetyl coa occurs by

A

pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

112
Q

what is the 3 enzymes part of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

A

pyruvate dehydrogenase KNOW
dihydolipoyl transacetylase
dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase

113
Q

in order for the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex to work what coenzymes are needed

A 
TPP
lipoate
coASH
FAD
NAD+
114
Q

tpp is a inactive form of what

A

vitamin B1 aka thiamine

115
Q

which coenzyme for pyr dehyd complex would an athlete benefit from to help make acetyl coa

A

lipoate

116
Q

coASH is derived from what vitamin

A

B5

117
Q

fad derived from vitamin

A

B2 aka riboflavin

118
Q

Nad+ derived from vit

A

B3 aka niacin

119
Q

acetyl coa and nadh+H are

A

ergogenic (energy makers)

120
Q

in post gyc/pre Krebs () is a metabolic waste product

A

co2

121
Q

pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is a () enzyme

A

regulatory

t.2 chemistry (3 decks)

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