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Microscopic Anatomy > Unit 8 > Flashcards

Unit 8 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the endocrine system?

A

The endocrine system consists of glands and cells that produce hormones, signaling molecules that are released into the bloodstream and regulate a variety of physiologic functions and metabolic processes.

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2
Q

What are the 3 properties of hormones produced by endocrine glands?

A
  1. act long-distance
  2. distributed by circulation
  3. released into the blood stream or interstitial fluid
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3
Q

Name 5 properties of endocrine glands.

A
  1. most consist of epithelial tissue
  2. some endocrine glands are derived from neural crest cells or neurons
  3. no ducts
  4. highly vascular
  5. hormones stored in intracellular secretory granules
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4
Q

What classes can hormones be divided into?

A

Membrane impermeable (hydophilic) or membrane permeable

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5
Q

What are membrane impermeable hormones?

A

Membrane impermeable hormones are hydrophilic. Their receptors are located on cell surfaces and they act through second messenger systems.

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6
Q

What are some examples of membrane impermeable hormones?

A

peptides/proteins, glycoproteins, modified amino acids

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7
Q

Describe the receptors of membrane permeable hormones.

A

Their receptors are intracellular DNA-binding proteins that affect transcription.

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8
Q

What are some examples of membrane permeable hormones?

A

Steroid and thyroid hormones

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9
Q

Name 3 characteristics of cells that produce protein hormones

A
  1. abundant RER
  2. prominent golgi
  3. hormones are often stored in secretory granules
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10
Q

Name 4 characteristics of cells that produce steroid hormones

A
  1. centrally located nucleus
  2. lipid droplets in cytoplasm
  3. abundant smooth ER for cholesterol synthesis
  4. spherical mitochondria w/ tubular cristae
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11
Q

How is hormone production regulated?

A

Feedback mechanisms allow regulation of hormone production to maintain homeostasis

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12
Q

What is the embryonic origin of the pituitary gland?

A

Dual origin: Anterior Pituitary (adenohypophysis) is derived from oral ectoderm and consists of epithelial tissue while Posterior Pituitary (neurohypophysis) is derived from neural ectoderm.

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13
Q

What does the anterior pituitary produce?

A 
A variety of hormones that regulate body growth, milk production and the functions of other endocrine glands. 
FLAT-PG
FSH
LH
ACTH
TSH
Prolactin
Growth hormone
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14
Q

What are the 3 regions of the anterior pituitary?

A

pars tuberalis
pars distalis
pars intermedia

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15
Q

What does the posterior pituitary do?

A

The posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis) contains no secretory cells, it stores and releases hormones produced in the hypothalamus.

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16
Q

What are the 2 broad categories of anterior pituitary cells?

A
  1. chromophils (cells that contain secretory granules that can interact with the dyes used in hits) = basophils and acidophils
  2. chromophobes (cells that do not contain brightly stained granules) = progenitor/stem cells and cells that have released their granules or lost them during fixation
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17
Q

What are acidophils?

A

Acidophiles are a type of chromophil cells in the anterior pituitary. They include cells that produce 2 types of protein hormones: somatotropin or growth hormone, and mammotropic hormone (prolactin)

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18
Q

What are basophils?

A

Basophils are a type of chromophil cell in the anterior pituitary that produces glycoprotein hormones (FSH, LH, TSH) and small polypeptide hormones(ACTH and B-LPH)

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19
Q

List the 5 secretory cells of the anterior lobe of the pituitary

A
  1. somatotrope = acidophilic
  2. lactotrope - acidophilic
  3. gonadotrope - basophilic
  4. thyrotrope = basophilic
  5. corticotrope - basophilic
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20
Q

What cell type produces somatotropin and what does it do?

A

Somatotropes (acidophilic) of the anterior pituitary produce somatotropin (growth hormone) which functions in growth of long bones.

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21
Q

What cell type produces prolactin and what does it do?

A

Lactotrope (acidophilic) cells of the anterior pituitary produce prolactin, which stimulates milk secretion.

22
Q

What cell type produces FSH and LH and what do they do?

A

Gonadotropes (basophilic) of the anterior pituitary. FSH and LH function in regulation of ovarian follicle development, spermatogenesis, estrogen and adrogen secretion.

23
Q

What cell type produces TSH and what does it do?

A

Thyrotropes (basophilic) produce TSh (thyrotropin), which regulates thyroid hormone secretion.

24
Q

What hormones are produced by corticotropes of the anterior pituitary?

A

Corticotropes are basophilic cells in the anterior pituitary that produce ACTH (stimulates adrenal cortex hormone secretion) and B-lipotropin (promotes fat utilization)

25
Q

How is hormone secretion from the anterior pituitary regulated?

A

Through negative and positive feedback mechanisms.

26
Q

What is the hypothalamus-hypophyseal portal system?

A

The hypothalamus produces releasing and inhibitory hormones that regulate the functions of the anterior pituitary, but there are no direct neural connections between the two. Instead, regulatory factors are delivered via special blood vessels in the portal system.

27
Q

What are the 3 regions of the anterior pituitary and what do they do?

A
  1. pars distalis - produce hormones
  2. parts tuberalis - produce hormones
  3. pars intermedia - inactive, contains colloid filled follicles and Rathke’s cysts
28
Q

What is the role of the posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis) do?

A

Peptide hormones produced in hypothalamic nuclei underdog axonal transport and accumulate in the neurohypophysis.

29
Q

What does vasopressin/ADH do?

A

Regulates blood osmolarity, increases water reabsorption in kidney collecting ducts

30
Q

What does oxytocin do?

A

Stimulation of uterine contraction during childbirth and contraction of myoepithelial cells of mammary glands during nursing

31
Q

What is the origin of the posterior pituitary?

A

Neuronal

32
Q

What are Herring bodies?

A

Dilated axons of the hypothalamic neurons

33
Q

What might one experience polyuria due to damage of the pituitary?

A

Polyuria can be the result of permanent damage to the infundibulum of the pituitary gland due to swelling caused by an injury. The injury can disrupt transport of ADH to the posterior pituitary.

34
Q

What are the 2 layers of the adrenal gland and what does each do?

A

Outer layer - cortex - produces steroid hormones

Inner later - medulla - secretes catacholamines

35
Q

What is the origin of the adrenal cortex?

A

Epithelial

36
Q

What are the 3 concentric zones of the adrenal cortex?

A

zona glomerulosa
zona fasiculata
zona reticularis

37
Q

What are the features of cells of the adrenal cortex?

A

The cells have typical features associated with steroid synthesis - central nucleus, lipid droplets, abundant smooth ER`

38
Q

What is the origin of the adrenal medulla?

A

Neuronal, remember it secretes catacholamines

39
Q

What is Cushing Syndrome?

A

Adrenal cortex hyperactivity - excessive cortisol secretion causes a combination of symptoms including weight gain, central obesity, hyperglycemia, easy bruising. May be caused by adrenal tumor, excess ACTH secretion by the pituitary gland or ectopic ACTH secretion.

40
Q

What are Islets of Lahngerhans?

A

Compact masses of endocrine tissue that are surrounded by serous acini and produce polypeptide hormones. The cells contain secretory granules.

41
Q

What hormones are secreted by Islets of Lagerhands?

A

a - glucagon (raises blood glucose)
b - insulin (lowers blood glucose)
d - somatostatin (inhibits other hormones, has both endocrine and paracrine effects)
F or PP cells - pancreatic polypeptide (affects digestive processes and food intake)

42
Q

Where is the thyroid gland and what do it’s hormones do?

A

The thyroid gland is located on the anterior surface of the trachea. Thyroid hormones regulate basal metabolic rate, body growth and development, and heat production.

43
Q

What is colloid?

A

Colloid is the storage form of thyroid hormone found in thyroid follicles, structural units of the thyroid.

44
Q

Describe thyroid hormone secretion

A

Thyroid follicular cells produce thyroglobulin, which is stored in the lumen of the follicle. In the colloid, thyroglobulin is iodinated, then reabsorbed and further processed by follicular cells. Finally, hormones are released into the blood stream.

45
Q

Which cells produce calcitonin and what does it do?

A

Parafollicular, or C cells of the thyroid gland. Calcitonin inhibits bone reabsorption and promotes calcification (opposite of PTH). It is regulated by blood calcium levels.

46
Q

What are the parathyroid glands?

A

Four small glands located on the posterior thyroid.

  • They secrete PTH which increases blood calcium level by promoting osteoclast activity to increase bone calcium reabsorption.
  • Regulates calcium absorption by the kidneys and intestine.
  • Increases vitamin D synthesis.
47
Q

What cell types are found in parathyroid glands?

A

Chief cells and oxyphil cells

48
Q

What do chief cells of parathyroid glands do?

A

The produce parathyroid hormone, which is regulated by the calcium level in the blood.

49
Q

What do oxyphil cells of the parathyroid gland do?

A

Their function is unknown, may produce some PTH. They are highly acidophilic.

50
Q

Which non-endocrine organs have endocrine function?

A
  1. Stomach and small intestine: enteric hormones
  2. Kidney: erythropoietin and renin
  3. Heart: ANP
  4. Adipose tissue: leptin, adiponectic, steroid hormones
51
Q

What does leptin do?

A

Leptin regulates appetite and metabolism. It is secreted by adipose tissue.

52
Q

What does apdiponectin do?

A

Regulates fatty acid and glucose metabolism and modulates sensitivity to insulin.

Microscopic Anatomy (3 decks)

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