Unit 8 Flashcards
Bacteria/ Protists
1
Q
What are two characteristics of prokaryotes?
A
No membrane-bound nucleus or organelles, has a cell wall to protect against invaders
2
Q
How do prokaryotes communicate with each other?
A
Through quorum sensing which helps control gene expression
3
Q
Approximately how many bacteria are in and on the human body?
A
100 trillion
4
Q
What is metagenomics?
A
The study of the structure and function of the entire genome of prokaryotes
5
Q
What are the three areas from which prokaryotic genome samples can be taken?
A
- Soil
- Water
- Human Body
6
Q
What is a microbiome?
A
A collection of genomes of microbes in a particular environment
7
Q
What is a microbiota?
A
A community of microorganisms on and in the body
8
Q
Where do the majority of microorganisms live in an animal’s body?
A
In the gut
9
Q
What is the shape of prokaryotes that form in chains?
A
Cocci
10
Q
Give an example of a bacteria that has a cocci shape.
A
Streptococcus
11
Q
What is the shape of bacteria that occurs singularly and is oval?
A
Bacilli
12
Q
Give an example of a bacteria that has a bacilli shape.
A
E. Coli
13
Q
What is the shape of bacteria that is spiral like a corkscrew?
A
Spirochete
14
Q
Give an example of a bacteria that has a spirochete shape.
A
Spirilla
15
Q
What color does a gram-positive prokaryote stain?
A
Purple
16
Q
What color does a gram-negative prokaryote stain?
A
Pink
17
Q
What protein provides a thick layer for the prokaryotic cell wall?
A
Peptidoglycan
18
Q
True or False: Gram-positive and gram-negative stains are used to determine if bacteria are pathogenic.
A
True
19
Q
What is the process by which most prokaryotes reproduce?
A
Binary fission
20
Q
Fill in the blank: In binary fission, DNA ________, cell elongates, splits in half.
A
replicates
21
Q
How does an endospore help prokaryotes survive in harsh environments?
A
Becomes dormant, original cell dissolves, wakes up when conditions improve
22
Q
What are prokaryotes that capture energy from the sun called?
A
Photoautotrophs
23
Q
What do chemoautotrophs do?
A
Harness energy stored in chemicals and make organic compounds using carbon from CO2
24
Q
What are prokaryotes that get energy from sunlight and carbon from other prokaryotes called?
A
Photoheterotrophs
25
What are the largest and most diverse group of prokaryotes?
Chemoheterotrophs
26
What classification do ancient bacteria fall under?
Archaea
27
What are extreme halophiles?
Archaea bacteria that are salt lovers
28
Give an example of a location where extreme halophiles are found.
* Great Salt Lake
* Dead Sea
29
What are extreme thermophiles?
Archaea bacteria that love heat
30
Give an example of a location where extreme thermophiles are found.
Ocean by volcanic vents
31
What are methanogens?
Archaebacteria that live in the guts of ruminants and give off methane as a waste product
32
What defines a protist?
An organism that is NOT a fungi, plant, or animal
33
Where do most protists live?
In aquatic environments
34
True or False: The majority of protists are pathogenic.
True
35
What type of protists obtain their nutrition through photosynthesis?
Autotrophic
36
What are heterotrophic protists?
Protists that obtain their nutrition by consuming other protists and bacteria
37
What are mixotrophic protists?
Protists that obtain nutrition by using photosynthesis AND by consuming other protists or bacteria
38
What is an endosymbiont?
A prokaryote that lives within the body or cells of other organisms
39
Explain the relationship between termite endosymbionts and the termite.
Endosymbiont digests cellulose, termite provides place to live and nutrients
40
What are diatoms?
Stramenopiles that are unicellular algae and important photosynthetic organisms
41
What do diatoms serve as for marine animals?
A great source of energy
42
What type of algae are seaweed and kelp forests classified as?
Brown algae
43
What do water molds do?
Decompose dead plants and animals in freshwater habitats
44
What is Phytophthora?
A water mold that resembles a fungus and causes blight on plants
45
What are dinoflagellates?
Alveolates found in saltwater that are plankton and a source of energy for marine animals
46
What do ciliates use to sweep food into their mouth?
Cilia
47
What is Plasmodium known for?
Causing malaria which kills approximately 500,000 people per year
48
A surface-coating colony of prokaryotes that engage in metabolic cooperation is called a(n) _________.
Biofilm
49
Prokaryote that attaches to the host and both the prokaryote and the host get benefits from the attachment.
Mutualistic
50
Prokaryotes use _________ to divide in half and replicate.
Binary fission
51
The type of archaea that live in areas with extreme temperatures are _________.
Extreme thermophiles
52
Which of the following types of prokaryotes is the largest and most diverse group of prokaryotes?
Chemoheterotrophs
53
Which prokaryote stains purple and has a simple, non-complex cell wall?
Gram-positive
54
Prokaryote that attaches to the host and benefits from the attachment and the host has no effect on it.
Commensalistic
55
Which prokaryote stains pink and has a complex cell wall?
Gram-negative
56
The study of the structure and function of entire genome of prokaryotes is called _________.
Metagenomics
57
Which of the following is a beneficial factor to the environment provided by biofilms?
Purifying the water of dangerous bacteria
58
The type of archaea that live in waters with a high salt concentration are _________.
Extreme halophiles
59
Which of the following types of prokaryotes uses energy from the sunlight AND carbon from other organic molecules as nutrients?
Photoheterotrophs
60
Type of prokaryotic shape that is spiral like a corkscrew.
Spirochete
61
The collection of genomes of microbials in a particular environment is known as _________.
Metagenomics
62
It is estimated that most bacteria can produce a new generation in __________.
1-3 hours
63
Which of the following types of prokaryotes capture energy from the sun and use carbon dioxide to produce oxygen as a by-product?
Photoautotrophs
64
In harsh conditions, a prokaryote will form a(n) __________ which goes dormant until environmental conditions improve to sustain life.
endospore
65
This structure is a projection that is hair-like and allows the prokaryote to attach to the host or other prokaryotes.
Fimbriae
66
The type of archaea that live in the digestive tracts of most herbivores and helps them break down cellulose are _________.
Methanogens
67
Which of the following is dominant in the gastrointestinal tract of animals?
Microbiota
68
Type of prokaryotic shape that is E.coli.
Bacilli
69
Type of prokaryotic shape that forms in chains.
Cocci
70
When a prokaryote replicates, the chromosomal DNA will replicate and the cell __________.
divides
71
Which of the following types of prokaryotes live in extreme environments and do not use sunlight to create energy?
Chemoautotrophs
72
The community of microorganisms on and in the body is called _________.
Microbiota
73
Prokaryote that attaches to the host and causes disease or infection.
Pathogenic
74
Which of the following types of prokaryotes harnesses energy stored in certain chemicals such as ammonia and iron?
Chemoautotrophs
75
Which of the following is a beneficial factor to the environment provided by biofilms?
Giving plant roots the ability to absorb more nutrients
76
Which of the following helps prokaryotes to control gene expression?
Quorum sensing
77
Prokaryotes use which structures to move around?
Flagella
78
What is the primary function of diatoms in aquatic ecosystems?
Photosynthesis
## Footnote
Diatoms play a crucial role in the aquatic ecosystem by converting sunlight into energy through photosynthesis.
79
In which habitat are slime molds commonly found?
Terrestrial forests
## Footnote
Slime molds thrive in moist, decaying organic matter typically found in terrestrial forests.
80
Which prokaryote stains purple and has a simple, non-complex cell wall?
Gram-positive
## Footnote
Gram-positive bacteria retain the crystal violet stain used in the Gram staining procedure.
81
Most protists live in ____________ environments.
aquatic
## Footnote
Protists are predominantly found in aquatic environments, including freshwater and marine ecosystems.
82
Click all that apply: An organism is considered a protist if it is not one of the following.
* Plant
* Animal
* Fungus
## Footnote
Protists are defined by what they are not, as they are distinct from plants, animals, and fungi.
83
How do water molds obtain nutrients?
Decomposition
## Footnote
Water molds primarily obtain their nutrients through the decomposition of organic material.
84
Which of the following is an example of a photosynthetic protist?
Euglena
## Footnote
Euglena is a protist known for its ability to perform photosynthesis due to its chloroplasts.
85
The majority of protists are ________________ meaning they cause disease.
pathogenic
## Footnote
Many protists are pathogenic and can cause diseases in humans and other organisms.
86
What structure allows paramecia to move rapidly through water?
Cilia
## Footnote
Paramecia use cilia, hair-like structures, for locomotion in aquatic environments.
87
A protist is defined by which of the following?
An unicellular organism
## Footnote
Protists are primarily unicellular organisms that can exhibit diverse forms and functions.
88
Seaweed and kelp forests are classified as _______ algae.
Brown
## Footnote
Brown algae includes various species of seaweed and kelp, which are important marine organisms.
89
A prokaryote that lives within the body or cells of other organisms are called
endosymbiont
## Footnote
Endosymbionts are prokaryotes that inhabit the cells of other organisms, often providing benefits.
90
Which of the following protists are both autotrophic and heterotrophic?
Euglena
## Footnote
Euglena can perform photosynthesis (autotrophic) and also absorb nutrients from the environment (heterotrophic).
91
What is the primary role of water molds in ecosystems?
Decomposition
## Footnote
Water molds contribute to ecosystems by breaking down organic materials, aiding nutrient cycling.
92
Which protist causes malaria in humans?
Plasmodium
## Footnote
Plasmodium is the genus of protists responsible for malaria, transmitted by mosquito bites.
93
Phytophthora is a water mold that resembles a fungus and causes ______ on plants that grow on vines.
blight
## Footnote
Phytophthora is known for causing blight, particularly in crops and vine plants.
94
Which prokaryote stain pink and has a complex cell wall?
Gram-negative
## Footnote
Gram-negative bacteria have a more complex cell wall structure and do not retain the crystal violet stain.
95
What is the significance of red tide events caused by dinoflagellates?
Harmful algal blooms
## Footnote
Red tides are significant because they can produce toxins harmful to marine life and humans.
96
Which structure is characteristic of ciliates, such as Paramecium?
Cilia
## Footnote
Ciliates are distinguished by their use of cilia for movement and feeding.
97
How do amoebas move?
Pseudopodia
## Footnote
Amoebas extend their cytoplasm to form pseudopodia, allowing them to move and engulf food.
