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Reproduction of Livestock > Unit #8 > Flashcards

Unit #8 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Parturition

A

The process of giving birth.

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2
Q

The baby is naturally in charge of this process, initiating labor when it’s ready to be born

A

Parturition

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3
Q

What are some Pre-Partum Signals

A

Changes in female behavior
Concern or anxiety
anorexia –> fetal mass size
isolation

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4
Q

What is Circadian Behavior

A

Many species experience a higher frequency of births during nighttime.

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5
Q

It is hypothesized that the weight of the placenta influences?

A

The duration of parturition

Multiple babies might lead to a faster birthing process.

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6
Q

Giving birth to offspring is a complex cascade of what kind of events?

A

Physiological events

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7
Q

What is a pre-partum signal that varies according to species?

A

Appearance of maternal behavior

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8
Q

What type of behavior do sows and bitches exhibit during the pre-partum phase?

A

Nest building

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9
Q

During what time of day do sheep most frequently give birth?

A

Diurnal phase

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10
Q

What animal has a more uniform distribution of births within the circadian period?

A

Cattle

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11
Q

What is the first stage of parturition?

A

Fetal stress → Cervical Dilatation

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12
Q

what is PGF2ɑ

A

Prostaglandin?

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13
Q

What does PGF2a do during labor?

A

It increased uterine contractions.

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14
Q

Relaxation of the cervix

A

Increased estradiol

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15
Q

During what time of day do sheep most frequently give birth?

A

Diurnal phase

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16
Q

What is Diurnal phase?

A

every 24 hours

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17
Q

What animal has a more uniform distribution of births within the circadian period?

A

Cattle

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18
Q

What is the first stage of parturition?

A

Fetal stress → Cervical Dilatation

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19
Q

What hormone leads to a decrease in increased fetal cortisol?

A

Progesterone (P4)

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20
Q

What is the duration of the cervical dilation stage in parturition?

A

4 to 8 hours

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21
Q

What hormone is increased during the fetal expulsion stage?

A

Oxytocin

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22
Q

What is the Fetal expulsion stage?

A

The second stage of labor is the phase during childbirth when the mother actively pushes to help the baby move down the birth canal and out into the world.

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23
Q

What is the duration of the fetal expulsion phase?

A

30 minutes to 4 hours

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24
Q

What hormone, essential for softening the cervix, is increased during the second stage of parturition?

A

Relaxin

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25
Q

How does the oxytocin affect the second stage of labor?

A

by increasing the strength and frequency of the contractions

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26
Q

What is the role of oxytocin

A

The hypothalamus signals the pituitary gland to release oxytocin, intensifying the contractions. These contractions are rhythmic and powerful, aiding in the fetus’s expulsion.

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27
Q

What does estradiol increase in the cervix and vagina during the second stage of parturition?

A

Mucus

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28
Q

Fetal Distress

A

As the fetus grows, the space within the uterus becomes tighter. This can lead to fetal distress, which is often indicated by an increase in the release of cortisol from the baby’s adrenal glands.

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29
Q

What is the hormonal shift in the first stage

A

The increase in cortisol and other factors contribute to a decrease in the mother’s progesterone levels and an increase in estrogen levels. This hormonal shift is crucial for the initiation of labor.

30
Q

What happens to the hormones at the onset of labor?

A

The decrease in progesterone, the rise in estrogen, and the release of prostaglandins help soften the cervix and start the labor process.

31
Q

What is the duration of the placental expulsion phase?

A

1 to 8 hours

32
Q

What does the cervix produce to seal itself after placental expulsion?

A

thick mucus

33
Q

The fetal pituitary gland releases ACTH, which stimulates the release of what hormone?

A

cortisol

34
Q

An increase in estrogen activates the production of what two things?

A

Myometrium, prostaglandin, and oxytocin

35
Q

What is Myometrium?

A

the middle layer of the uterus wall

36
Q

stretches during pregnancy and contracts during labor?

A

Myometrium

37
Q

After the baby is delivered, the (blank) contracts to expel the placenta and compress blood vessels to minimize blood loss.

A

Myometrium

38
Q

What is the term for abnormal or difficult birth at any stage of labor?

A

Dystocia

39
Q

What is the most common cause of dystocia?

A

Maternal/fetal disproportion

40
Q

What is dystocia?

A

Abnormal or difficult birth at any stage of labor

41
Q

How is cortisol released?

A

The baby Pituitary releases ACTH –> Simulate the cortisol from the adrenal cortex

42
Q

What is the fetus’s Position when ready for labor?

A

The fetus is generally on its back. Just before labor, it
rotates to an upright position with its forelegs and
head pointed toward the birth canal.

43
Q

It has a direct negative impact on newborns

A

Dystocia

44
Q

What causes Dystocia?

A

Maternal/Fetal Disproportion
Fetal size
Sire –> Genetic component
Dam –> Genetic component
Nutrition – > Over

45
Q

How does nutrition affect Dystocia?

A

Overnutrition: If the mother is overfed, it can lead to an oversized fetus, which increases the risk of dystocia due to feto-maternal disproportion. This is because the baby’s larger size can make it more difficult to pass through the birth canal.

Undernutrition: Conversely, poor nutritional status can result in a fetus with low viability, which can also complicate the labor process. Inadequate nutrition may affect the fetus’s development and the mother’s ability to sustain a healthy pregnancy and labor.

46
Q

What the most common causes of dystocia?

A

Abnormal Position of the fetus during delivery

47
Q

What causes Dystocia in multiple fetuses?

A

Both twins come out at the same time
one blocks the other
the uterus becomes fatigued

48
Q

endometritis

A

is applied to
inflammation of the uterine mucosa.

49
Q

Estrogens + Oxytocin →

A

activate the defense
mechanisms of the uterus.

50
Q

Toward (gestation) labor/parturition,

A

The immune capacity is reduced

51
Q

How does Prostaglandin assist the uterine defense?

A

expelling any foreign matter or debris

52
Q

What is the third stage of parturition?

A

Placental Expulsion

53
Q

What releases the progesterone?

A

Placental or Corpus Luteum

54
Q

What does relaxin do?

A

Softens the cervix

55
Q

Is the baby in a position different from the normal position?

A

Labor Dystocia

56
Q

Is Labor Dystocia genetics?

A

Yes, because it could depend on the size of the fetus and the mom

57
Q

What are immunoglobulins A (IgA) and G(IgG)?

A

Proteins that fight off invaders like bacteria to keep the castle safe

58
Q

What is the endometrial plasma cells?

A

Trains the IgA and IgG

59
Q

IgG’s bactericidal Action

A

The IgG guards can defeat bacteria (the invaders)

60
Q

IgA prevents bacteria attachment

A

Stop the bacteria from sticking to the body

61
Q

What is Uterine Prolapse

A

When the uterus moves downward into the vaginal canal

Not in the normal position

62
Q

What causes Uterine Prolapse?

A

Genetic, Age, Nutrition, Size of the offspring, Multiple fetuses, or body condition

63
Q

What hormone is increased during the fetal expulsion stage?

A

Estordail (Estrogen)

64
Q

What hormone removes the “progesterone block”?

A

Cortisol

65
Q

An increase in estrogen activates the production of what two things?

A

prostaglandin, and oxytocin

66
Q

The blastocyst covered by the trophoblast and the endometrium connect, and the chronic villi will

A

Give the nutrients from mom to baby

67
Q

What is the purpose of the Placenta

A
  1. Fetal growth
  2. Stimulates the mammal gland in the third trimester
  3. regulates nutrients between mom and baby
68
Q

Placental Lactogen

A
  1. Stimulates the Mammal Gland
  2. In the third trimester, it is what helps the milk come in
69
Q

What three hormones does the placental release

A
  1. progesterone
  2. Galaprotiens
    3.Placental Lactogen
70
Q

What is Gestation?

A

When the mother is pregnant

71
Q

What Factors Affect Gestational Length?

A

Genetic factors, Age, Litter size, Environmental, Degree of Domestication

Reproduction of Livestock (4 decks)

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