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ESS > Unit 8 > Flashcards

Unit 8 Flashcards

1
Q

demographic tools for quantifying human population

A

CBR, CDR, TFR, DT and NIR

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2
Q

difference influences on human population dynamics

A

cultural, historical, religious, social, political, economic factors
swell as national and international development policies

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3
Q

Demographic Transition Model

A

model which shows how a population transitions from a pre-industrial stage with high CBR and CDR to an economically advanced stage with low or declining CBR and low CDR

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4
Q

exponential curve

A

when a population follows an accelerating rate of growth which is proportional to the population size

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5
Q

four main factors that affect population size of organisms

A

birth rate, death rate, immigration and emigration

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6
Q

fertility rates

A

higher than 2.0 = population increase
lower than 2.0 = population decrease

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7
Q

fertility rate

A

number of births per thousand women of child bearing age

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8
Q

replacement fertility

A

from 2.03 in MEDCs and 2.16 in LEDCs because of infant and childhood mortality

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9
Q

CBR

A

number of births per thousand individuals in a population, male and female, young and old, per year

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10
Q

Human Development Index

A

combines measures of health (life expectancy), wealth (Gross Domestic Product per capita) and education in one value

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11
Q

countries considered as NICs

A

China, India, South Africa, Malaysia, Thailand, Philippines, Turkey

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12
Q

human population causing environmental impact appears to be underpinned by a set of simple facts

A
  • more ppl require more resources
  • more ppl produce more waste
  • ppl usually want to improve their standard of living
  • more ppl there are, the greater impact they have
    CONTROL POPULATION INCREASE AND CONTROL RESOURCE DEMAND –> LEVELS OF SUSTAINABILITY SHOULD INCREASE
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13
Q

demography

A

study of the statistical characteristics of human populations (eg total size, age, sex composition, changes over time with variations in birth and death rates)

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14
Q

populations remain stable when the death rate and the birth rate are equal so there is no net gain in population size

A
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15
Q

proportion of population in MEDCs and LEDCs

A

20% MEDC
80% LEDC

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16
Q

malthusian theory explanation

A
  • claimed that food supply was the main limit to population growth
  • believed that the human population increases geometrically whereas food supplies can only grow arithmetically, being limited by available new land
  • the “laws of nature” dictate that a population can never increase beyond the food supplies necessary to support it
  • believed that as long as fertile land is available, that there would be more than enough food to feed a growing population
  • food production can only increase to a certain level determined by the productive capacity of the land and existing levels of technology
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17
Q

law of diminishing returns

A

where even with a high level of technology, only a small increase in yield will eventually occur as over cultivation and soil erosion contributes to a decline in food production

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18
Q

limitations of malthusian theory

A

It assumes that population growth is solely determined by food supply, while other factors such as disease, family planning, and migration can have a significant impact. Second, it fails to account for the fact that human ingenuity can find ways to increase food production and reduce poverty. Finally, it does not recognize that different countries and cultures may have different population growth patterns and responses to population pressure.

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19
Q

malthusian theory sum up

A

suggests that population growth will eventually outstrip resources, leading to famine, disease, and other forms of suffering

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20
Q

Boserup’s theory sum up

A

challenges the Malthusian theory by suggesting that population growth stimulates technological advances and increases agricultural productivity
“necessity is the mother of invention”

21
Q

Boserup’s theory explanation

A
  • asserted that an increase in population would stimulate technologists to increase food production
  • suggested that any rise in population will increase the demand for food and so act as an incentive to change agrarian technology and produce more food
  • as a population increases, agriculture moves into higher stages of intensity through innovation and the introduction of new farming methods
  • POPULATION GROWTH NATURALLY LEADS TO DEVELOPMENT
22
Q

Limitations of Boserup’s theory

A
  • The theory does not adequately address the potential negative environmental impacts of increased agricultural intensification and resource extraction.
  • was developed based on observations of agricultural practices in developing countries. It may not be applicable to all regions or agricultural systems, particularly those with different social, economic, and environmental contexts
  • overestimates the role of population growth
  • Underestimates the role of social and political factors
23
Q

application of theories of Boserup and Malthus

A
  • on global level the growing suffering and famine in some LEDCs may reinforce Malthusian ideas
  • at a national scale some Govs have been motivated by increasing population to develop their resources and so meet growing demands
  • Malthus refers to the environmental limits while Boserup refers to cultural and technological issues
24
Q

why do people have large families?

A
  • high infant and childhood mortality
  • security in old age
  • children are an economic asset
  • status of women
  • unavailability of contraceptives
25
Q

ways to reduce family size

A
  • provide education
  • improve health
  • make contraceptives
  • enhance income
  • improve resource management
26
Q

five stages of DTM

A

stage 1: high stationery (pre industrial societies)
stage 2: early expanding (LEDCs)
stage 3: late expanding (wealthier LEDCs)
stage 4: low stationery (MEDCs)
stage 5: declining (MEDCs)

27
Q

renewable natural capital

A

can be generated and/or replaced as fast as its being used. Includes living species and ecosystems that use solar energy and photosynthesis. It also includes non-living items, such as groundwater and the ozone layer.
can be utilised sustainably or unsustainably - if renewable natural capital is used beyond its natural income this use becomes unsustainable

28
Q

non-renewable natural capital

A

is either irreplaceable or only replaced over geological timescales, eg fossil fuels, soils, and minerals

29
Q

natural capital

A

provides goods and services that have value - not manufactured, but are of value to humans. they can be improved or degraded and given a value - we can begin to give monetary value to ecosystems

30
Q

natural income

A

yield obtained from natural resources

31
Q

examples of changing value of natural capital

A

Cork forests
corks are being replaced with plastic corks that are not biodegradable - cork forests are losing their value as natural capital to humans so there are being cut down and the land is used for other purposes.

32
Q

two main categories of the valuation of natural capital

A

–> use valuation - natural capital that we can put a price on (eg economic price of marketable goods
–> non-use valuation - natural capital that is almost impossible to put a price on (eg if it has essential value)

33
Q

waste disposal options

A

landfill, incineration, recycling and composting

34
Q

the abundance and prevalence of what pollutant has become a major environmental issue?

A

non biodegradable pollutants (eg plastic, batteries, e-waste)

35
Q

different strategies that can be used to manage SDW influenced by cultural, economic, technological barriers

A
  • altering human activity
  • controlling release of pollutant
  • clean up and restoration
36
Q

what is SDW? (solid domestic waste)

A

trash, garbage etc from residential and urban areas
mixture of paper, food waste, glass, plastics, e-waste etc
collected from homes and shops, makes up only 5% of total waste

37
Q

SDW stats

A

SDW production per capita per day is about 3.5kg in the US and 1.4kg in the EU
ppl in LEDCs tend to produce less SDW then those in MEDCs

38
Q

aims of the circular economies sustainable model

A
  • be restorative of the environment
  • use renewable energy sources
  • eliminate or reduce toxic wastes
  • eradicate waste through careful design
39
Q

what are different strategies to minimise waste?

A

REDUCE
REUSE
RECYCLE

40
Q

what are different strategies for waste disposal?

A
  • landfill
  • incinerators
  • anaerobic digestion (when biodegradable matter is broken down by micro-organisms in the absence of oxygen)
  • compositing (in the case of domestic organic waste)
41
Q

carrying capacity

A

maximum number of a species or “load” that can be sustainably supported by a given area

42
Q

what is an EF (ecological footprint)

A

is the area of land and water required to support a defined human population at a given standard of living. the measure takes into account the area required to provide all the resources needed by a population, and the assimilation of all wastes

43
Q

if the EF of a human population is greater than the land area available to it this indicates that the population is unsustainable and exceeds the carrying capacity of an area

A
44
Q

what is expected to limit population growth?

A

degradation of the environment together with the utilisation of finite resources

45
Q

why is the estimation of the carrying capacity of that environment for the species problematic in the case of human populations ?

A
  1. Humans use a far greater range of resources
  2. we also substitute resources with others if they run out
  3. depending on our lifestyles etc our resource use varies from individual to individual and country to country
  4. we import resources from outside our immediate environment
  5. developments in technology lead to changes in the resources we use
46
Q

what is the use of EF

A

to estimate the demands that human populations place on the environment

47
Q

what is the use of EF

A

to estimate the demands that human populations place on the environment

48
Q

what factors does the ecological footprint of a country depend on?

A
  • its population size and consumption per capita
  • how many people and how much land each one uses

ESS (8 decks)

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