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AP Environmental Science > UNIT 8 > Flashcards

UNIT 8 Flashcards

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1
Q

Hazardous Waste

A

Any material that can be harmful to human health or the environment if it is not properly disposed of

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2
Q

Hazardous Waste contains…

A

Carcinogenic, mutagenic, or teratogenic compounds

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3
Q

95%…

A

of the country’s hazardous waste is not regulated by law

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4
Q

Resources Conservation and Recovery Act 1976 (RCRA)

A

Prohibited open burning in dumps, EPA must identify hazardous wastes and set standards for their management by states, firms that produce more than 220 lbs/mo. Must have permit stating how wastes will be managed, cradle to grave tracking from production to disposal of hazardous waste

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5
Q

Superfund 1980

A

Law passes to clean up abandoned toxic waste dumps

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6
Q

CERCLA

A

Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act

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7
Q

Brownfields

A

Industrial and commercial sites that have been abandoned and in most cases abandoned (Empty factories, junkyards, old landfills)

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8
Q

Ways to apprach hazardous waste

A

Produce less of it, reuse or reycle it, convert it to less-hazardous materials, safely store what is left

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9
Q

Forms of hazardous waste stored

A

Burial on land or long-term storage, deep-well disposal, surface impoundments, secure hazardous waste landfills

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10
Q

Deep well injection

A

drilling a hole in the ground that’s below the water table to hold waste

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11
Q

Deep well injection advantages

A

safe is sites are chosen carefully, wastes can often be retrieved, low cost

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12
Q

Deep well injection disadvantages

A

leaks from corrosion of well casing, emits CO2 and other air pollutants, output approach that encourages waste production

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13
Q

Surface impoundment

A

a pond that has a sealed bottom which stores waste, creation of shallow pools that evaporate hazardous liquids

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14
Q

Surface impoundment advantages

A

low cost, wastes can often be retrieved, can store wastes indefinitely with secure double liners

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15
Q

Surface impoundment disadvantages

A

water pollution from leaking liners and overflows, air pollution from VOCs, output approach that encourages waste production

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16
Q

Bioremiditaion

A

the use of either naturally occurring or deliberately introduced microorganisms or other forms of life to consume and break down environmental pollutants, in order to clean up a polluted site.

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17
Q

Phytoremediation

A

A method employed to clean up a hazardous waste site that uses plants to absorb and accumulate toxic materials

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18
Q

Cyclodextrins

A

a type of sugar made from corn starch to remove toxic materials such as solvents, pesticides, and hydrocarbons from contaminated soil and groundwater

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19
Q

Solutions to hazardous waste

A

not produce waste in the first place

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20
Q

Basel Convention

A

an international treaty on the control of transboundary hazardous wastes and their disposa

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21
Q

Hazard

A

something can cause injury, disease, economic loss or environmental damage

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22
Q

Risk =

A

harm x exposure

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23
Q

Risk Management

A

using strategies to reduce the amount of risk (the degree of likelihood that a person will become ill upon exposure to a toxin or pathogen).

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24
Q

Types of Hazards

A

cultural, chemical, physical, biological

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25
Q

Cultural Hazard

A

drugs, drinking, unsafe sex, smoking, working conditions, and poverty

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26
Q

Chemical Hazard

A

harmful chemicals in our environment

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27
Q

Physical/Natural Disaster Hazard

A

radiation, fire, earthquakes

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28
Q

Biological Hazard

A

pathogens, pollen, animals, etc

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29
Q

Toxicology

A

study of poisonous substances and their effects upon body parts

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30
Q

Toxicity

A

a measure of how harmful a substance is

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31
Q

Dose

A

amount exposed to

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32
Q

Response

A

the resulting type and amount of damage to health

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33
Q

Acute effect

A

immediate reaction (dizziness, rash, etc)

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34
Q

Chronic effect

A

permanent damage (liver or kidney damage)

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35
Q

Bioaccumulation

A

increase in the concentration of a chemical in specific organs or tissues at a higher level than is normally expected

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36
Q

Biomagnification

A

accumulation of pollutants at successive levels of the food chain; toxins are magnified as they pass through the food chain (DDT, PCB’s); are stored in body fat and affect during gestation or egg laying and during nursing stages

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37
Q

Chemical Interaction

A

involves the production of chemical growth inhibitors or toxins released by an individual

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38
Q

Antagonistic interaction

A

reduce the harmful reponse

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39
Q

Antagonistic interaction

A

reduce the harmful reponse

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40
Q

Synergistic interaction

A

multiplies harmful effects

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41
Q

Poison

A

a substance that causes illness, injury or death if taken into the body or produced within the body; a chemical with an LD50 of 50 mg or less/kg of body weight

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42
Q

Super toxic poisons

A

nerve gases, dioxin, mushrooms, botulism

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43
Q

Extremely toxic poisons

A

potassium cyanide, heroin, nicotine, atropine

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44
Q

Very toxic poisons

A

mercury salts, morphine, codeine

45
Q

Toxic poisons

A

lead salts, DDT, sodium hydroxide, fluoride, caffeine, sulfuric acid

46
Q

Moderately toxic poisons

A

methyl alcohol, ether, kerosine, aspirin

47
Q

Slightly toxic poisons

A

ethyl alcohol, lysol, soaps

48
Q

Essentially non toxic poisons

A

water, glycerin, table salt

49
Q

dose-response curve

A

Plot of data showing effects of various doses of a toxic agent on a group of test organisms.

50
Q

Acute toxicity test

A

show effects on test organism

51
Q

Control group

A

not exposed

52
Q

Test group

A

exposed

53
Q

Hazardous chemicals cause harm by

A

being flammable or explosive, irritate skin or lungs, interfere with oxygen intake, induce allergic reactions

54
Q

Mutagens

A

Cause mutations or changes in DNA molecules - chemical and radiation

55
Q

Teratogens

A

Can cause birth defects while embryo is developing during pregnancy - especially the first three months

56
Q

examples of teratogens

A

PCBs, Thalidomide, Steroids, Hormones, Heavy metals (Arsenic, Lead, Cadmium, Mercury, etc)

57
Q

Carcinogens

A

Cancer causing agents

58
Q

Metastasis

A

The spread of cancer cells beyond their original site

59
Q

Immune System

A

Cells and tissues that protect the body against disease and harmful substances

60
Q

Antibodies

A

attack alien invaders and mark them for attack from other immune cells

61
Q

Cellular defense

A

kill invaders

62
Q

Nervous System

A

brain, spinal cord, nerves

63
Q

Endocrine System

A

Consists of glands that control many of the body’s activities by producing hormones; control sexual reproduction, growth, development, and behavior in humans

64
Q

Hormones are…

A

produced by organs and tissues

65
Q

Hormone blockers

A

prevent natural hormones such as androgens from attaching to their receptors

66
Q

thyroid disrupters

A

affect growth, weight, brain development, etc.

67
Q

Thyroid disrupter examples

A

dioxins, PCB’s, chemicals in plastics, pesticides, lead

68
Q

Non-transmissible Disease

A

These types of disease cannot be passed from organism to organism (not caused by living organisms)

69
Q

Non-transmissible Disease examples

A

Cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, bronchitis, emphysema, and malnutrition

70
Q

Transmissible Disease

A

caused by living organisms - can be spread from person to person

71
Q

Pathogens

A

organisms that cause disease

72
Q

Vectors

A

insects and non human carriers

73
Q

Increase spread of disease

A

migration, reducing biodiversity, climate change, natural disaster, etc.

74
Q

Toxic waste

A

can injure or kill and must be disposed of without harming or polluting

75
Q

Solid waste

A

cannot go down sewage system; must be disposed of

76
Q

The US produces…

A

33% of the world’s waste

77
Q

98.5% of solid waste in the US comes from…

A

mining, oil and natural gas production, agriculture, and industrial services

78
Q

industrial waste

A

Waste from production of consumer goods, mining, agriculture and petroleum extraction and refining

79
Q

Municipal Solid Waste

A

Waste produced by households and businesses (1.5% comes from homes and businesses)

80
Q

Reuse

A

to use something again

81
Q

Recycle

A

The process of making new products from materials that were used in another product.

82
Q

Primary recycling

A

materials are recycled into new products of the same type

83
Q

Secondary recycling

A

waste materials are converted into different products

84
Q

open loop

A

waste materials are converted into different products

85
Q

pay as you throw

A

A policy in some communities where residents are charged by the bag or by the pound to dispose of leaves and grass clippings in order to encourage recycling and composting

86
Q

Petrochemicals

A

leading producers of hazardous waste

87
Q

Incineration

A

the burning of solid waste

88
Q

Incineration advantages

A

reduces waste volume by 90%, waste heat can be used.

89
Q

Incineration disadvantages

A

high cost, air pollution, highly toxic ash, encourages waste production

90
Q

Leachate

A

polluted liquid produced by water passing through buried wastes in a landfill

91
Q

sanitary landfill

A

A place to deposit solid waste, where a layer of earth is bulldozed over garbage each day to reduce emissions of gases and odors from the decaying trash, to minimize fires, and to discourage vermin.

92
Q

Carcinogen

A

A cancer-causing substance

93
Q

Biomagnifies

A

accumulates and causes muscle weakness, vision loss, memory loss

94
Q

Disruptors in Endocrine system have

A

similar shapes and bind to hormone receptors (mimics and block the hormone)

95
Q

Chloroform

A

Source: chlorine-treated water in hot showers
Threat: cancer

96
Q

Para-dichlorobenzene

A

Source: air fresheners, mothball crystals
Threat: cancer

97
Q

Tetrachloroethylene

A

Source: dry-cleaning fluid, fumes on clothes
Threat: nerve disorders, damage to liver and kidneys, possible cancer

98
Q

Formaldehyde

A

Source: furniture stuffing, paneling, particleboard, foam insulation
Threat: irritation of eyes, throat, skin, and lungs; nausea; dizziness

99
Q

Styrene

A

Source: carpets, plastic products
Threat: kidney and liver damage

100
Q

Benzo-a-pyrene

A

Source: tobacco smoke, woodstoves
Threat: lung cancer

101
Q

Radon-222

A

Source: radioactive soil and rock surrounding foundation, water supply
Threat: lung cancer

102
Q

Tobacco Smoke

A

Source: cigarettes
Threat: lung cancer, respiratory ailments, heart diseases

103
Q

methylene chloride

A

Source: paint strippers and thinners
Threat: nerve disorders, diabetes

104
Q

carbon monoxide

A

Source: faulty furnaces, unvented gas stoves, kerosene heaters, and wood stoves
Threats: headaches, drowsiness, irregular heartbeat, death

105
Q

Asbestos

A

Source: pipe insultation, vinyl ceiling and floor tiles
Threat: lung disease and cancer

106
Q

Particulates

A

Source: pollen, pet dander, dust mites, cooking smoke particles
Threat: irritated lungs, asthma attacks, itchy eyes, running nose, lung disease

107
Q

nitrogen oxides

A

Source: unvented gas stoves and kerosene heaters, wood stoves
Threat: irritated lungs, cold, headache

108
Q

Trichloroethane

A

Source: aerosol sprays
Threat: dizziness, irregular breathing

AP Environmental Science (1 decks)

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