Unit 7 Vocab Quiz Flashcards
The best known U.S. policy toward the Western Hemisphere. Buried in a routine annual message delivered to Congress by President James Monroe in December 1823, the doctrine warns European nations that the United States would not tolerate further colonization or puppet monarchs.
Monroe Doctrine
an action where a country (usually an empire or kingdom) extends its power by acquisition of territories. It may also include the exploitation of those territories which is similar to colonialism which is generally regarded as an expression of imperialism
Imperialism
a United States naval officer and historian, whom John Keegan called “the most important American strategist of the nineteenth century.” His thesis was that naval power = world power. He also coined the term, “Middle East.
Alfred Thayer Mahan
This letter, written by the Spanish Ambassador to the United States, Enrique Dupuy de Lôme, criticized American President William McKinley by calling him weak and concerned only with gaining the favor of the crowd. Elevated tensions that led to the Spanish-American War.
De Lome Letter
an American naval ship that sank in Havana Harbor during the Cuban revolt against Spain, an event that became a major political issue in the United States leading to the Spanish-American War.
USS Maine
an amendment to a joint resolution of the United States Congress, enacted on April 20, 1898, in reply to President William McKinley’s War Message. It placed a condition on the United States military’s presence in Cuba. According to the clause, the U.S. could not annex Cuba but only leave “control of the island to its people.” In short, the U.S. would help Cuba gain independence and then withdraw all its troops from the country
Teller Amendment
Popular phrase for the Spanish American War
“splendid little war”
a nickname given to the 1st United States Volunteer Cavalry, one of three such regiments raised in 1898 for the Spanish–American War and the only one of the three to see action. Led and formed by Teddy Roosevelt
Rough Riders
An organization established on June 15, 1898, to battle the American annexation of the Philippines as an insular area.
Anti-Imperialist League
It stipulated seven conditions for the withdrawal of United States troops remaining in Cuba at the end of the Spanish–American War, and an eighth condition that Cuba sign a treaty accepting these seven conditions
Platt Amendment
China’s military and economic weakness and heightened Western imperialism worldwide during the 1890s resulted in the division of China into Western spheres of influence between Western powers. However, unlike its European counterparts, the United States quite simply stated that all nations should have an equal right to conduct trade in China, regardless of the already established spheres of influence
Spheres of Influence
The uprising took place against a background of severe drought and the disruption caused by the growth of foreign spheres of influence. After several months of growing violence against both the foreign and Christian presence, Boxer fighters, convinced they were invulnerable to foreign weapons, converged on Beijing with the slogan “exterminate the foreigners” or sometimes translated as “kill the white devils!”
Boxer Rebellion
Served for almost seven years as Secretary of State under President McKinley, and after his assassination, under Theodore Roosevelt. Hay was responsible for negotiating the Open Door Policy, which kept China open to trade with all countries on an equal basis, with international powers.
John Hay
a term in foreign affairs initially used to refer to the United States policy established in the late 19th century and the early 20th century, as enunciated in Secretary of State John Hay. The Open Door policy was rooted in the desire of U.S. businesses to trade with open markets, though it also tapped the deep-seated sympathies of those who opposed imperialism. Instead of militaries deciding the outcomes of who may be ruled, let businesses compete openly
Open Door Policy
refers to U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt’s foreign policy: “speak softly, and carry a big stick.” The idea of negotiating peacefully, simultaneously threatening with the “big stick”, or the military, ties in heavily with the idea of Realpolitik, which implies a pursuit of political power that resembles Machiavellian ideals. It is comparable to gunboat diplomacy, as used in international politics by imperial powers.
“Big Stick Policy”
an artificial 48-mile waterway built by the United States in Panama that connects the Atlantic Ocean with the Pacific Ocean
Panama Canal
an addition from Roosevelt to the Monroe Doctrine that the United States will intervene in conflicts between European countries and Latin American countries to enforce legitimate claims of the European powers, rather than having the Europeans press their claims directly. Effectively, the US will act as policeman of the Western Hemisphere
Roosevelt Corollary
The popular nickname for the United States Navy battle fleet of 16 ships that completed a journey around the globe by order of United States President Theodore Roosevelt, to showcase American power
Great White Fleet
A series of disturbances that led to civil war in Mexico, and resulted in the US to invade to capture Pancho Villa for his raid on NM, led by US General John Pershing.
Mexican Civil War
The term was used in the Progressive Era to characterize reform-minded American journalists who attacked established institutions and leaders as corrupt. They typically had large audiences in some popular magazines
Muckrakers
Established in 1870 by John D. Rockefeller as a corporation, it was the largest oil refinery in the world of its time. Its controversial history as one of the world’s first and largest multinational corporations ended in 1911, when the Supreme Court ruled that Standard Oil was an illegal monopoly
Standard Oil
a social reformer, “muckraking” journalist and social documenting photographer. He is known for using his photographic and journalistic talents to help the impoverished in New York City and his most famous work is “How the Other Half Lives.”
Jacob Riis
legalized direct income tax that was initially forbidden in the Constitution.
16th Amendment
direct election of Senators
17th Amendment
Prohibition
18th Amendment
women won the right to vote through organizations such as National American Women’s Suffrage Association (NAWSA ), and leaders like Carrie Chapman Catt, and Alice Paul.
19th Amendment
(also known as a popular or citizens’ initiative) is a means by which a petition signed by a certain minimum number of registered voters can force a public vote
Initiative
a procedure by which voters can remove an elected official from office through a direct vote before their term has ended.
Recall
a direct vote in which an entire electorate is asked to vote on a particular proposal.
Referendum
a landmark decision by the United States Supreme Court that was used to justify both sex discrimination and usage of labor laws. The case upheld Oregon state restrictions on the working hours of women as justified by the special state interest in protecting women’s health
Muller v. Oregon
The fire caused the deaths of 146 garment workers – 123 women and 23 men – who died from the fire, smoke inhalation, or falling or jumping to their deaths. The fire led to legislation requiring improved factory safety standards and helped spur the growth of better working conditions for sweatshop workers.
Triangle Shirtwaist Fire
President Theodore Roosevelt’s domestic program. His policies reflected three basic ideas: conservation of natural resources, control of corporations, and consumer protection.
Square-Deal
Under President Theodore Roosevelt’s leadership, his Attorney General brought 44 suits against monopolists. Notably, J. P. Morgan’s Northern Securities Company, a huge railroad combination, was broken up. Bad trusts were those deemed to stem competition and hurt consumers, while others were left alone because they were deemed no danger to consumers.
Trust Busting (good trust v. bad trust)
an American writer who acquired particular fame for his classic muckraking novel The Jungle, which exposed labor and sanitary conditions in the U.S. meat packing industry, causing a public uproar that contributed in part to the passage a few months later of the 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act and the Meat Inspection Act.
Upton Sinclair (The Jungle)
first of a series of significant consumer protection laws enacted by Congress in the 20th century and led to the creation of the Food and Drug Administration to inspect food.
Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)
an American law that makes it a crime to adulterate or misbrand meat and meat products being sold as food, and ensures that meat and meat products are slaughtered and processed under sanitary conditions.
Meat Inspection Act
Of all Roosevelt’s achievements, he was proudest of his work in conservation of natural resources. He established the United States Forest Service, signed into law the creation of five National Parks, and also established bird reserves, four game preserves, and 150 National Forests.
Conservation of Public Lands
the first Chief of the United States Forest Service from 1905 until his controversial firing in 1910. He worked closely with Roosevelt in conservation.
Gifford Pinchot
an American third party formed by former President Theodore Roosevelt, after he lost the nomination of the Republican Party to his former protégé, President William Howard Taft, who had since become his political adversary. The new party was known for taking advanced positions on progressive reforms, and attracting some leading reformers. Beset by factionalism and failure to win many offices, the party went into rapid decline by 1914 and virtually disappeared in 1916.
Progressive Party (bull-moose)
signed by President Wilson, it created and established the Federal Reserve System, a privately owned central banking system which has the authority to control the nation’s currency.
Federal Reserve Act (1914)
a civil rights organization in the United States, formed in 1909 as an organization to advance legal justice for African Americans. Its most notable founder was W. E. B. Du Bois.
NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People)
African Americans moving out of the south to mostly urban areas up north or out west for numerous reasons, notably jobs and avoiding racist discrimination. From 1910-1930 1 million moved out, 1940 and 1970 4 million made the move.
Great Migration
a British ocean liner that a German submarine sank in World War I, causing a major diplomatic uproar. The sinking caused a storm of protest in the United States as 128 American citizens were among the dead.
Lusitania
first woman in Congress, representing Montana. She took a brave stand of controversially being against both world wars, and fought and protested against wars up through the time of her death during the Vietnam War.
Jeanette Rankin
