Unit 7 - Organic chemistry Flashcards
What is a hydrocarbon?
Molecules made from carbon and hydrogen.
What is an alkane?
Single covalently bonded carbon atoms surrounded by hyrdogen (saturated.) The general formula is CnH2n+2
How do we separate alkanes?
Fractional distillation - hydrocarbons are evaporated and rise up the column where they condense at different heights (higher=colder)
The products are: LPG, Petrol, Kerosene, Diesel and heavy fuel oil.
What are the equations for complete and incomplete combustion?
Complete - Fuel + oxygen → Carbon dioxide + water
Incomplete - Fuel + oxygen → carbon monoxide + water
What is the difference between longer and shorter alkanes?
Longer - higher viscosity
Shorter - more flammable
What can polymers be made from?
Alkenes, NOT alkanes.
What is an alkene?
A hydrocarbon with a carbon-carbon double bond (functional group) They are unsaturated and have the formula CnH2n
How do you test for an alkene?
Adding bromine water-positive result = orange to colourless as the double bond has been broken
What is an alcohol?
Water reacted with an alkene (-OH (hydroxyl) functional group)
What is cracking?
The breaking down of longer alkanes into shorter alkanes and alkenes to meet demands.
What does ethanol + sodium make?
Sodium ethoxide + hydrogen (same for propanol and butanol)
What is a carboxylic acid?
An oxidised alcohol with a -COOH functional group
What are polymers?
Long chained organic molecules of repeating sections made from monomers.
What is addition polymerisation?
Doubled bonded monomers which break into a single bond which bonds to the next monomer
What is condensation polymerisation?
Polymerisation of different monomers that have two functional groups on the end of the molecules where water is always produced
How are esters formed?
Carboxylic acid + alcohol → Ester + water
What does ethanoic acid + ethanol make?
Ethyl ethanoate
How are polyesters produced?
Reacting an alcohol with -OH on both ends with a carboxylic acid with -COOH on both ends, also producing water
What are amino acids made up of?
Amino group (-NH2) and a carboxyl group (-COOH) When polymerised, they form proteins and polypeptides.
What are examples of natural polymers?
DNA - made up of monomers called nucleotides
Starch - made up of monomers of glucose
