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Ap Biology > Unit 7 Natural Selection and Evolution > Flashcards

Unit 7 Natural Selection and Evolution Flashcards

1
Q

What is the evidence for evolution

A

Fossil Record, Homologous Structures (divergent evolution), Vestigial Structures, Comparative Anatomy, Comparative Embryology, Molecular Biology, Biogeography

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2
Q

What is the smallest unit that can evolve?

A

Population

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3
Q

Microevolution

A

Is the small changes in allele frequencies in a population over generations.
Consists of adaptations that evolve within a population, confined to one gene pool

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4
Q

Macroevolution

A

Evolution above the level of species. Formation of new species etc.

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5
Q

Three mechanisms that cause changes in allele frequencies

A

Natural selection, genetic drift, and gene flow

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6
Q

Genetic Varability (Average Heterozygosity)

A

Measures the average percent of loci that are heterozygous in a population

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7
Q

What results in the formation of new alleles

A

Mutations
*However point mutations in non coding regions (introns) generally result in neutral variation conferring no selective advantage

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8
Q

What can be use to test whether a population is evolving

A

Hardy Weinberg equation (p^2 + 2pq + q^2)

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9
Q

Gene pool

A

Consists of all the alleles for genes of all the loci in a population

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10
Q

5 conditions that must be met in order for a population to be considered in hardy weinberg equilibrium

A
  1. No gene flow
  2. No natural selection
  3. No mutation
  4. Random mating
  5. Large population size
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11
Q

Only mechanism that consistently causes adaptive evolution

A

Natural Selection

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12
Q

Genetic Drift

A

Describes how allele frequencies fluctuate unpredictably from one generation to the next. Genetic drift results in decreased genetic variation and has a more significant effect on smaller populations

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13
Q

Two types of genetic drift

A

Bottleneck Effect and Founder Effect

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14
Q

Gene Flow

A

Movement of alleles among populations. Can be beneficial or harmful. Gene flow can REDUCE difference between populations over time

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15
Q

Relative Fitness

A

The contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation relative to other individuals

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16
Q

Types of Selection

A
  1. Directional Selection
  2. Disruptive selection
  3. Stabalizing Selection
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17
Q

Directional Selection

A

Directional selection favors a SINGLE phenotype or a SINGLE allele in the population.

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18
Q

Adaptive Evolution

A

Occurs as the degree to which a species is well suited for life in its environment

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19
Q

Sexual Selection
Intrasexual selection: Direction competition for mates (usually males)
Intersexual Selection: Mates Choice (usually females)

A

Process by which individuals with certain inherited characteristics are more likley to acquire mates than others

20
Q

What does natural selection act on

A

AN ORGANISMS PHENOTYPE

21
Q

Balancing Selection

A

Refers to forms of natural selection by which multiple alleles are actively maintained in a gene pool of the population

22
Q

Two types of Balancing selection

A
  1. Frequency Dependent Selection

2. Heterozygote advantage

23
Q

Biological Species Concept

A

States that two organisms are species if they can mate and produce healthy, fertile offspring

24
Q

Reproductive Isolation

A

Is the existence of biological factors that impede two species from producing fertile offspring

25
Q

Prezygotic Barriers

A
  1. Habitat Isolation
  2. Temporal Isolation
  3. Behavioral Isolation
  4. Mechanical Isolation
  5. Gametic isolation
26
Q

Postzygotic Barriers

A
  1. Reduced Hybrid Viability
  2. Reduced Hybrid Fertility
  3. Hybrid Breakdown
27
Q

First thing that is necessary in order for speciation to occur

A

Gene flow must be interrupted between two populations, reproductively isolating them

28
Q

Other definitions of Species

A
  1. Morphological Species Concept
  2. Ecological Species Concept
  3. Phylogenetic Species Concept
29
Q

Allopatric Speciation

A

Geographic Separation of population form parent species

30
Q

Sympatric Speciation

A

New species rise within the parent population

31
Q

How gene flow can be reduced in order for sympatric speciation to occur

A
  1. Polyploidy (more common in plants)
  2. Habitat Differentiation
  3. Sexual Selection (ake Victoria Chichlids)
32
Q

How fast does speciation can occur

A

Speciation can occur in just one generation (polyploidy) or it can take a very long time. It all depends on the environment and chance

33
Q

Gradual Speciation

A

Species form gradually over time

34
Q

Punctuated Equilibrium

A

Species appear suddenly, persist essentially unchanged for a long period of time, the apparently disappear.

35
Q

What resulted from the break up of Pangea

A

The Permian Extinction

36
Q

Oldest prokaryotes fossils

A

Stromatlies

37
Q

Correct Order of Life Appearing on Earthd

A
  1. First prokaryotes appeared on earth
  2. Formation of atmospheric oxygen
  3. Single-celled eukaryotes
  4. Multicelled eukaryotes
  5. Aniamals
  6. Colonization of Land
38
Q

Heterochrony

A

Evolutionary change in the rate or timing of developmental events

39
Q

Homeotic Genes

A

Determine where basic features will develop

40
Q

Hox Genes

A

Class of homeotic genes that provide positional information during embryonic development

41
Q

Phylogeny

A

Is the evolutionary history of a species or group of related species

42
Q

Taxonomy

A

The ordered division and Naming or organisms

43
Q

Branch point

A

Represents divergence of two species

44
Q

Sister Taxa

A

Groups that share an immediate common ancestory

45
Q

Rooted Tree

A

Includes a branch to represent the last common ancestor of all the taxa in the tree

46
Q

Clade

A

A group of species that includes an ancestral species and all of its descendants

All Clades are MONOPHYLETIC

47
Q

Paraphyletic Grouping

A

Consists of an ancestral species and some, but not all of its descendants

Ap Biology (2 decks)

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