UNIT 7 MOTIVATION, EMOTION, AND PERSONALITY Flashcards
Drive Reducing Behaviors
We are motivated to engage in behaviors that reduce drives in order to return our body to homeostasis.
Drive
State of tension or arousal caused by biological/physiological needs.
This is an unpleasant state motivating us to engage in…
Homeostasis
The balance of psychological and physiological stability by satisfying needs and drives.
Thorndike’s Law of Effect
States that any behavior that leads to a desirable outcome will be repeated.
Incentive Theory
Either positive or negative external stimuli that motivate and pull us toward a behavior.
Aversive Stimulus
Punishment
Positive Incentive
Rewards we recieve for compeleting a task
Example: Provide positive assurance that an employee will recieve something they desire in exchange for doing their work well.
Negative incentives
Correcting mistakes or discourage certain behaviors.
Example: You know that if you do not study for that physics test, you will not do well, so you decide to take practice tests to prepare.
Overjustification effect
Occurs when an expected external incentive such as money or prizes decreases a person’s interinsic motivation to perform a task.
Arousal Theory
People are motivated to take actions to either increase or decrease their arousal levels in order to achieve and maintain a personal optimum level of arousal.
High Optimum Level (Physiological/Biological)
Spend weekends skydiving, rock climbling, playing basketball, running marathons.
High Optimum Level (Emotional)
What, sweat? Netflix all day!
High Optimum Level (Physiological/Biological)
Spend weekends skydiving, rock climbing, playing basketball, running marathons.
Low Optimum Level (Physiological/Biological)
What, sweat! Netflix all day!
High Optimum Level (Emotional)
Gossip, create drama in groups, fall in love with everh new person remotely interests you.
Low Optimum Level (Emotional)
Im staying out of this.
High Optimum Level (Intellectual)
Double major in biology and math.
Low Optimum Level (Intellectual)
Major? We can figure that out later!
Lateral
When stimulated, promotes eating behaviors through the release of the hormone orexin (regulates apetite)
Ventromedial
When stimulated, promotes satiety (fullness).
Biopsychosocial model/approach
A model that looks at the interconnection between biology, psychology, and socio-enviornmental factors.
Biological
- Hypothalamic activity
- Hormones secreted by pancreas, stomach, adipose, and digestive tract.
Social-Culture
- Presence of others
- Serving portions
Psychological
- Anticipated pleasure/ rewards of eating
- Mood
Approach/Approach Conflict
Conflicts arises when choosing between two desirable, but mutually exclusive, options. It’s a “win-win” situation.
Avoidance/Avoidance Conflict
Conflict occurs when choosing between two undesirable, but mutually exclusive, options. It’s a “no-win” situation as you pick between the “lesser of two evils.”
Approach/ Avoidance Conflict
Conflict occurs when a single/one event or goal has both desirable or undesirable consequences.
Double Approach/ Avoidance Conflict
Conflict occurs when you choose between two options that have both desirable and undesirable consequences and are mutually exclusive.
Schachter-Singer Theory
Also known as the Two-Factor theory of emotion, states that 2 factors are needed to experience emotion.
Your emotional experience is depended on your cognitive appraisal/ interpretation of the situation.
STIMULUS —-> PHYSIOLOGICAL AROUSAL ——> COGNITIVE LABEL ——-> EMOTIONAL EXPERIENCE
James-Lange Theory of Emotion (Weakness of Theory)
Relies on the premise that every emotion is accompanied by a unique pattern of physiological arousal.
Example: You are walking in the woods, and you see a grizzly bear. You begin to tremble, and your heart begins to race (PHYSIOLOGICAL AROUSAL.) The James-Lange theory proposes that you will interpret your physical reactions and conclude that you are frightened
STIMILUS ——> PHYSIOLOGICAL AROUSAL ——> EMOTION
Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion
The lower part of the brain, also called the thalamus, controls your experience of emotion.
Example: Seeing a snake might prompt both the feeling of fear (an emotional response) and a racing heartbeat (a physical reaction).
STIMILUS ——> PHYSIOLOGICAL AROUSAL
——> EMOTION
Lazarus Theory of Emotion
A thought must come before any emotion or physiological arousal.
Similar to Schachter-Singer Theory.
STIMILUS ——–> COGNITIVE LABEL ——> PHYSIOLOGICAL AROUSAL
——> EMOTION
Which theories of emotion require some cognitive label before an emotion will be experienced.
- Schachter-Singer Theory
- Lazarus Theory
Joseph Le Doux Theory of Emotion
Some emotions occur separately from or prior to our cognitive interpretation of them, such as feeling fear in response to an unexpected loud sound.
Some emotions as requiring no cognition: some emotions completely bypass contextual interpretation.
Stressor
Anything that is perceived as challenging, threating, or demanding.
Eustress
Stress that is interpreted as beneficial.
Distress
Stress that is interpreted as non-beneficial.
Hans Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome
Explanation to the reaction of stress.
Alarm reaction: Stressor that upsets homeostasis.
Resistance: Body fights back by adjusting to the stressor.
Exhaustion: Body is no longer able to resist the stressor.
Personality
The characteristic pattern of a person’s thinking, feeling and acting.
Nature
Our genetics determine our behavior; personality is fixed at birth.
Nurture
Our environment and upbringing combine with our experiences and determine behavior; personality is “nurtured.”
Heritability
Does not indicate what proportion of a trait is determined by nature or nurture.
Does not reflect the extent to which trait are passed `down from parents to children.
DOES indicate the variability in the trait in population that is due to genetic difference among people.
Often estimated from studies of twins.
Id
Pleasure seeking portion that is almost unconscious. It wants what it wants and it wants it now.
Example: If your hungry the Id would function and whatever food is in front of you you will consume.
Superego
The conscious – It uses socialization and guilt to restrain the Id, again, mostly unconsciously.
The little voice in your head that tell you that this is not the right thing to do.
Ego
The conscious portion. It listens to both Id and Superego and operates in reality. Ego functions in delayed gratification.
Compensation
When one part of your life your not doing well so you try to recompense by doing well in another part of your life.
Denial
Where we simply refuse to admit that there’s a problem.
Displacement
Where we’ve got frustrated about something and so we take that out on some other aspect.
Example: Did not do well during football practice so you go home and yell at your mother.
Identification with the aggressor
Where we take on characteristics of people who are mistreating us.
Example: A child whose bullied becomes a bully himself.
Intellectualizations
Where we try to be logical about a situations when in fact, a lot of problems aren’t logical.
Projection
Where we take our own feelings, and we put them on someone/something else.
Rationalization
When we try to justify the things that we do and the things we think. And make excuses for why things are not our fault.
Example: Teacher asks you why are you late to class so you blame it on traffic.
Reaction Formation
When you know that what your feeling is unacceptable so you display the opposite instead.
Regression
Where we revert back and act younger than we are.
Repression
Where we simply take things and block them out of our conscious mind altogether.
Which theory of emotion explain why we feel unhappy when we frown.
James-Lange
