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UNIT 7 - KARYOTYPING Flashcards

1
Q

karyotype is the ____ and ____ of chromosomes in the nucleus of eukaryotic cell

A

number and appearance

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2
Q

Informations found on the karyotype

A
  • Size of the Chromosome
  • Position of the Centromere
  • Presence of secondary constriction
  • Size of satellites
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3
Q

The study of whole sets of chromosomes

A

Karyology

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4
Q

Karyotype: ____
Idiogram: ____

A

Karyotype: Process
Idiogram: Result/Representation

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5
Q

Standard format of representing chromosomes

A

Decreasing sizes

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6
Q

Shows larger difference between smaller and larger chromosomes in a set

a. Asymmetric Karyotype
b. Symmetric Karyotype

A

a. Asymmetric Karyotype

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7
Q

Has more acrocentric chromosomes and relatively advanced features
a. Asymmetric Karyotype
b. Symmetric Karyotype

A

a. Asymmetric Karyotype

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8
Q

Show lesser differences between smaller and larger chromosomes
a. Asymmetric Karyotype
b. Symmetric Karyotype

A

b. Symmetric Karyotype

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9
Q

Has more metacentric chromosomes and has no advanced features

a. Asymmetric Karyotype
b. Symmetric Karyotype

A

b. Symmetric Karyotype

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10
Q

1,3,16,19,20

a. metacentric
b. submetacentric
c. acrocentric

A

a. metacentric

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11
Q

2,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,17,X
a. metacentric
b. submetacentric
c. acrocentric

A

b. submetacentric

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12
Q

13,14,15,21,22,Y
a. metacentric
b. submetacentric
c. acrocentric

A

c. acrocentric

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13
Q

What are the metacentric chromosomes

A

1,3,16,19,20

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14
Q

What are the acrocentric chromosomes

A

13,14,15,21,22,Y

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15
Q

What are the submetacentric chromosomes

A

2,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,17,X

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16
Q

A russian scientist that suggested that there is a predominant trend toward karyotype asymmetry in Flowering plants

A

G.A. Levitzky

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17
Q

What did G.A Levitzky used to study his suggestion

A

genus Crepis of the family Compositae

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18
Q

T/F

More symmetry; More advanced

A

False
More asymmetry; More advanced

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19
Q

____ proportion of acrocentric, ____ size ratio, _____ asymmetric

A

Higher, Higher, Higher

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20
Q

The process of pairing and ordering all the chromosomes

A

Karyotyping

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21
Q

A genome-wide snapshot of an individual’s chromosomes

A

Karyotyping

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22
Q

T/F

Karyotyping canalysis can reveal chromosomal transolocations, deletions, duplications, or inversions

A

True

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23
Q

Basic Steps in Karyotyping

A

Extract Chromosomes –> Impact color –> Arrange

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24
Q

____-stained: Heterochromatin
____-stained: Euchromatin

A

Dark; Light

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25
Q

T/F
Acetylation of DNA and histones causes nucleosomes to pack tightly (heterochromatin)

A

False
Methylation of DNA and histones causes nucleosomes to pack tightly (heterochromatin)

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26
Q

Transcription factors cannot bind the DNA and Genes are not expressed

a. Heterochromatin
b. Euchromatin

A

a. Heterochromatin

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27
Q

T/F Histone methylation results in the loose packing of nucleosomes (euchromatin)

A

False
Histone acetylation results in the loose packing of nucleosomes (euchromatin)

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28
Q

Trancription factors can bind the DNA and genes are expressed
a. Heterochromatin
b. Euchromatin

A

b. Euchromatin

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29
Q

Acts as a fixative (methanol)
a. Glacial acetic acid with methanol (1:3)
b. Potassium chloride
c. RPMI with Fetal Bovin Serum
d. Phytohemaggluyinin

A

a. Glacial acetic acid with methanol (1:3)

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30
Q

A hypotonic solution
a. Glacial acetic acid with methanol (1:3)
b. Potassium chloride
c. RPMI with Fetal Bovin Serum
d. Phytohemaggluyinin

A

b. Potassium chloride

31
Q

Allows lymphocyte to proliderate
a. Glacial acetic acid with methanol (1:3)
b. Potassium chloride
c. RPMI with Fetal Bovin Serum
d. Phytohemaggluyinin

A

c. RPMI with Fetal Bovin Serum

32
Q

Induces mitosis and removes RBCs
a. Glacial acetic acid with methanol (1:3)
b. Potassium chloride
c. RPMI with Fetal Bovin Serum
d. Phytohemaggluyinin

A

d. Phytohemagglutinin

33
Q

Arrest mitosis at metaphase stage
a. Colcemid/Colchicine
b. Giemsa dye
c. Trypsin
d. Antibiotics

A

a. Colcemid/Colchicine

34
Q

primary stain used in karyotyping
a. Colcemid/Colchicine
b. Giemsa dye
c. Trypsin
d. Antibiotics

A

b. Giemsa dye

35
Q

An enzyme from pig’s stomach that digest chromosomes to improve staining
a. Colcemid/Colchicine
b. Giemsa dye
c. Trypsin
d. Antibiotics

A

c. Trypsin

36
Q

Used to prevent contamination
a. Colcemid/Colchicine
b. Giemsa dye
c. Trypsin
d. Antibiotics

A

d. Antibiotics

37
Q

T/F

Penicillin is combined with streptomycin to prevent contamination

38
Q

5 Major Steps in Karyotyping

A
  1. Short-Term Lymphocyte Culture
  2. Harvesting of Lymphocyte
  3. Fixing the Cells
  4. Making the Chromosome Slides
  5. Slide Analysis
39
Q

In Short-term Lymphocyte Culture, the cultured blood cells will be grown at ____ Celsius and Incubated for ____ days
a. 37C, 2 days
b. 37C, 3days
c. 37C, 1 day
d. 37c, 5 days

A

b. 37C, 3days

40
Q

In logarithmic phase, splitting of a cell line is how many days before harvesting and changing the medium? and how many days before harvesting stimulates cell proliferation?
a. 2 days, 3 days
b. 2 days, 1 day
c. 3 days, 2 days
d, 3 days, 1 day

A

b. 2 days, 1 day

41
Q

In Short-Term Lymphocyte Culture, what is added to the culture

A
  • Culture Growth Medium
  • Fetal Bovine Serum
  • Antibiotics
  • Phytohemagglutinin
42
Q

In Step 2: Harvesting of Lymphocyte, what reagent is added to arrest the cell cycle at the metapahse stage

A

pre-warmed colcemid

43
Q

In Step 2: Harvesting Lymphocyte, How many minutes is the culture incubated?

44
Q

T/F

The shorter the incubation, the more colchicine is needed

A

False

The longer the incubation; the more colchicine is needed

45
Q

In Step 2: Harvesting of Lymphocyte, after incubation how long and how fast is the tube centrifued?

A

1000 RPM for 10 mins

46
Q

Added to allow for enrichment of long (prometaphase) chromosomes before colcemid treatment

A
  • Actinomyci D / Ethidium bromide
  • Bromodeoxyuridine
47
Q

In what step is can cell synchronization significantly increase the total yield of metaphase chromosomes

A

Step 2: Harvesting of Lymphocytes

48
Q

In Step 3, the Cell is suspended in ____ state

a. hypotonic
b. hypertonic

A

a. hypotonic

49
Q

In Step 3: Fixing the Cell, the cell pellet will be treated with what fixatib solution

a. methanol: glacial acetic acid (3:1)
b. Carnoy’s fixative
c. Either

50
Q

In Step 3: Fixing the Cell, after treating the cell with a fixative solution, it will be centrifuged at ____ rpm for ____ mins

a. 1000 rpm; 5 mins
b. 1200 rpm; 5 mins
c. 1000 rpm; 10 mins
d. 1200 rpm; 10 mins

A

b. 1200 rpm; 5 mins

51
Q

T/F

In Step 4: Making the Chromosome Slides, 5 to 6 cold slides are prepared and adeed with 2 to 3 drops of the sample

52
Q

T/F

In Step 4: Making the Chromosome slide, staining of the chromosome takes place in this step

53
Q

In Step 5: Slide Analysis, the slide must be?

A
  • Properly-trypsinized chromosomes
  • Clearly-defined metaphase spreading
54
Q

who published the first paper describing the use of quinacrine mustard to stain chromosomes?

A

Caspersson et al.

55
Q

What was the first attempt to provide the
nomenclature for chromosome banding?

A

Paris Report

56
Q

GC-rich region

a. Euchromatin
b. Heterochromatin

A

a. Euchromatin

57
Q

AT-rich region

A

b. Heterochromatin

58
Q

Giemsa stain is used and AT-rich recgion is darker than GC-rich region
a. G-banding
b. Q-banding
c. R-banding
d. C- banding

A

a. G-banding

59
Q

Quinarcine fluoresecent dye stain is used and AT-rich recgion is darker than GC-rich region
a. G-banding
b. Q-banding
c. R-banding
d. C- banding

A

b. Q-banding

60
Q

Opposite to G-banding, Hetero: Light; Eu: Dark
a. G-banding
b. Q-banding
c. R-banding
d. C- banding

A

c. R-banding

61
Q

Stains heterochromatic regions close to the centromeres
a. G-banding
b. Q-banding
c. R-banding
d. C- banding

A

d. C- banding

62
Q

Strong alkali used in C-banding

A

Barium hydroxide

63
Q

Banding technique used in heteromorphism
a. Q-banding
b. G-banding
c. N-banding
d. C-banding

A

a. Q-banding

64
Q

Disadvatage of this banding is the tendency to fade during examination
a. Q-banding
b. G-banding
c. N-banding
d. C-banding

A

a. Q-banding

65
Q

Used in the identification of bands rich in sulfure content

a. Q-banding
b. G-banding
c. N-banding
d. C-banding

A

b. G-banding

66
Q

Used in the identification of chromosomal abnormalities and gene mapping

a. Q-banding
b. G-banding
c. N-banding
d. C-banding

A

b. G-banding

67
Q

Can’t be used in plants

b. G-banding

A

Used in the identifcation of nucleolar organizer region (NOR)
a. Q-banding
b. G-banding
c. N-banding
d. C-banding

68
Q

Used in the identifcation of nucleolar organizer region (NOR)
a. Q-banding
b. G-banding
c. N-banding
d. C-bandingh

A

c. N-banding

69
Q

Superior banding patterns for plants
a. Q-banding
b. G-banding
c. N-banding
d. C-banding

A

c. N-banding

70
Q

Banding used for the identifcation of chromosomes in insects and plants
a. Q-banding
b. G-banding
c. N-banding
d. C-banding

A

d. C-banding

71
Q

Banding used for the identification of bivalents at diakinesis using both centromere position

a. Q-banding
b. G-banding
c. N-banding
d. C-banding

A

d. C-banding

72
Q

Banding used for Paternity Testing and Gene Mapping
a. Q-banding
b. G-banding
c. N-banding
d. C-banding

A

d. C-banding

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