Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Bio MS Khan Academy > Unit 7: Inheritance and Variation > Flashcards

Unit 7: Inheritance and Variation Flashcards

1
Q

What do all organisms inherit from their parents?

A

Traits or observable characteristics

Inherited traits can include physical features, behaviors, and risks of diseases.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are inherited traits found in?

A

Genes

Genes are pieces of hereditary material passed from parents to offspring.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are genes a part of?

A

Chromosomes

Chromosomes are structures found in the nucleus of the cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Where are chromosomes located in multicellular organisms?

A

In the nucleus of the cell

Chromosomes contain DNA and genes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is DNA short for?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

DNA is a long molecule that makes up chromosomes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is a gene?

A

A specific stretch of DNA

Each chromosome contains many genes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How many genes does each chromosome contain?

A

Many genes

Each gene is a specific segment of the DNA molecule.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the typical number of chromosomes in a human body cell?

A

46

This number represents the diploid set of chromosomes in humans.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How are human chromosomes organized?

A

Into 23 pairs

Each pair consists of homologous chromosomes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are homologous chromosomes?

A

Paired chromosomes that are the same size and shape

They contain the same genes but may have different alleles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What do homologous chromosomes contain?

A

The same genes

They may vary in terms of alleles, which are different versions of the same gene.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is a karyotype?

A

A visual representation of an organism’s sets of chromosomes

It arranges pairs of homologous chromosomes next to each other.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the purpose of arranging homologous chromosomes in a karyotype?

A

To see if there are any differences that may lead to a genetic condition

This facilitates the identification of chromosomal abnormalities.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

True or False: Homologous chromosomes can have different alleles.

A

True

Different alleles represent variations of the same gene.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Fill in the blank: The 46 chromosomes in a human cell can be organized into _______.

A

23 pairs

Each pair consists of homologous chromosomes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are genes?

A

Specific stretches of a chromosome’s DNA molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the building blocks of DNA?

A

Nucleotides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How many types of nucleotides are there in DNA?

A

Four types

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the shortened names of the four types of nucleotides?

A
  • A
  • C
  • T
  • G
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What do the letters A, C, T, and G stand for?

A
  • A: Adenine
  • C: Cytosine
  • T: Thymine
  • G: Guanine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What connects the nucleotides in a gene?

A

A specific order

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are proteins?

A

Molecules that carry out many different functions in cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What functions do some proteins provide in cells?

A
  • Structure for the cell
  • Help carry out chemical reactions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are proteins made up of?

A

Amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
How are amino acids in a protein connected?
In a specific order
26
What determines a protein's 3D structure and function?
The order of amino acids
27
How does the cell build proteins?
Using instructions found in genes
28
What determines the order of amino acids in proteins?
The order of nucleotides in a gene
29
Can an organism produce many different proteins?
Yes, because it has many different genes
30
What do the proteins produced by an organism affect?
The organism’s traits
31
What is a mutation?
A mutation is any change to the nucleotide sequence of a DNA molecule. ## Footnote Mutations can arise during DNA copying or due to environmental factors.
32
What can a mutation in a gene change?
It can change the structure and function of the protein encoded by that gene. ## Footnote This alteration can subsequently affect an organism’s traits.
33
What are the three classifications of mutations based on their effects on organisms?
Harmful, beneficial, or neutral. ## Footnote Each classification has different impacts on health and survival.
34
What are harmful mutations?
Mutations that have negative effects on an organism’s health and survival. ## Footnote Examples include inherited disorders such as sickle cell anemia and cystic fibrosis.
35
What are beneficial mutations?
Mutations that have positive effects on an organism’s health and survival. ## Footnote For example, some people have mutations that lower their risk of developing type 2 diabetes.
36
What are neutral mutations?
Mutations that have no observable effect on an organism’s traits. ## Footnote For instance, some gene mutations do not lead to amino acid changes and do not affect protein function.
37
Fill in the blank: A mutation can be considered _______ to an organism.
harmful, beneficial, or neutral.
38
True or False: All mutations affect an organism's traits.
False. ## Footnote Neutral mutations do not affect traits.
39
What type of organisms are primarily diploid?
Many sexually reproducing organisms ## Footnote Diploid organisms have two sets of chromosomes.
40
How are chromosomes organized in diploid organisms?
Into homologous pairs ## Footnote Homologous pairs consist of one chromosome from each parent.
41
What are gametes produced by diploid organisms?
Egg or sperm cells ## Footnote Gametes are essential for sexual reproduction.
42
What is the chromosome set in haploid gametes?
One set of chromosomes ## Footnote Haploid cells are crucial for maintaining chromosome number during fertilization.
43
What is fertilization?
The fusion of gametes from two parents ## Footnote Fertilization results in the formation of a diploid organism.
44
What does fertilization lead to?
New, diploid offspring ## Footnote This process restores the diploid state.
45
What is a key outcome of sexual reproduction?
Genetic variation ## Footnote Genetic variation refers to differences between parents and offspring.
46
How do offspring inherit chromosomes from their parents?
One set from each parent ## Footnote This results in a mixture of chromosomes and alleles.
47
What contributes to genetic variation among siblings?
Random selection of chromosomes from homologous pairs ## Footnote Each gamete contains a different combination of chromosomes.
48
Fill in the blank: Diploid organisms produce _______ for reproduction.
gametes ## Footnote Gametes are essential for sexual reproduction.
49
True or False: All sexually reproducing organisms are haploid.
False ## Footnote Many sexually reproducing organisms are diploid.
50
What is the effect of only including one chromosome from each homologous pair in gametes?
Increases genetic diversity ## Footnote This process ensures that siblings can inherit different combinations of alleles.
51
What affects an organism's traits?
Genes ## Footnote Genes are segments of DNA that encode for traits.
52
What are variations of genes called?
Alleles ## Footnote Alleles can lead to different expressions of a trait.
53
How many alleles do many organisms have for each gene?
Two ## Footnote One allele is inherited from each parent.
54
What is the term for an organism's combination of alleles?
Genotype ## Footnote The genotype determines potential traits.
55
What are the two types of genotypes?
Homozygous and heterozygous ## Footnote Homozygous has two identical alleles, while heterozygous has two different alleles.
56
What is a homozygous genotype?
Two of the same alleles ## Footnote Example: AA or aa.
57
What is a heterozygous genotype?
Two different alleles ## Footnote Example: Aa.
58
What is a phenotype?
An observable version of a trait ## Footnote The phenotype results from the organism's genotype.
59
What determines an organism's phenotype?
Combination of alleles ## Footnote The phenotype reflects the genetic makeup.
60
What are the two types of alleles?
Dominant and recessive ## Footnote These alleles interact to determine phenotypes.
61
How does a dominant allele affect phenotype?
Determines the phenotype even if a recessive allele is present ## Footnote Dominant alleles are represented by uppercase letters.
62
How does a recessive allele affect phenotype?
Only determines the phenotype if no dominant allele is present ## Footnote Recessive alleles are represented by lowercase letters.
63
What is a Punnett square?
A model that represents a cross between two organisms ## Footnote It helps predict offspring genotypes and phenotypes.
64
What does a Punnett square help predict?
Likelihood of certain offspring genotypes and phenotypes ## Footnote Predictions are based on the genotypes of the parents.

Bio MS Khan Academy (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions