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Biology 9B > Unit 7: Evolution > Flashcards

Unit 7: Evolution Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Spontaneous Generation

A

Living things can be made from non living things. Ex: dirt + water = worms

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2
Q

Francesco Redi (1668)

A

Meat/fly experiment to prove that Spontaneous Generation wasn’t real

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3
Q

Louis Pasteur (1859)

A

Beaker neck experiment to disprove Spontaneous Generation

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4
Q

Rudolf Virchow

A

Disproved Spontaneous Generation with powerful microscope and watching cells divide

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5
Q

Disproving Spontaneous Generation proved the 3rd part of cell theory, which is:

A

Cells all come from other cells

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6
Q

LUCA (what does it stand for and what is it?)

A

Last Universal Common Ancestor, it was the First cell (origin of life)

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7
Q

Earth is . billion years old. How do we know this?

A

4.5, radioactivly dating moon rocks

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8
Q

How did water get on earth?

A

Icy meteorites crashed into earth and created oceans

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9
Q

Scientists believe that life was created on Earth . billion years ago

A

3.8

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10
Q

Origin of Life: Primordial Soup Hypothesis

A

The origin of life occurred in a warm little pond (like a hot spring)

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11
Q

Origin of Life: Hydrothermal Vent Hypothesis

A

The origin of life was created in a warn, water environment, but probably in the deep sea protected from UV radiation (by hydrothermal vents)

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12
Q

Origin of Life: Oparin Hypothesis (Chemical Evolution). Explain it and say what the inorganic products are, what the catalysts are, and what the products are.

A

Inorganic products (H2O, C, N2, H2, and P) combined with natural catalysts like lightning to create (products) organic molecules like sugars, amino acids, fatty acids, and nucleotides, which later combine to make more complex cells.

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13
Q

Chemical Evolution

A

A form of natural abiogenesis: the creation of life from non-living materials (carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, water, p).

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14
Q

Miller-Urey Experiment (1950s)

A

Proved Primordial Soup Theory in a lab. Created amino acids with inorganic materials in just 3 days

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15
Q

RNA Hypothesis

A

RNA existed before DNA (DNA is more complex)

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16
Q

Was LUCA Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic

A

Pro (simpler)

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17
Q

Cynobacteria was the __ type of cell to exist on Earth and it was (Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic). It was also responsible for increasing this element on Earth.

A

2nd, prokaryotic (still simple), oxygen

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18
Q

Aerobic bacteria was the __ type of cell on Earth. It was good because it did a process called ____ _____ to produce __ ATP instead of _ ATP.

A

3rd, cellular respiration, 38, 2

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19
Q

Endosymbiosis Theory

A

Theory that explains the origin of the mitochondria (which came first) and the chloroplast.

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20
Q

Endosymbiosis 1: an aerobic bacteria invaded a larger anaerobic bacteria. The aerobic bacteria involved into the part of the cell called the ______. It is known now as the ancestor of all ____ and ____.

A

mitochondria, fungi and animals

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21
Q

Endosymbiosis 2: the anaerobic bacteria with a mitochondria engulfed a cynobacteria, which evolved into ______. This cell is now known as the ancestor of all _____.

A

chloroplast, plants.

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22
Q

Taxonomy

A

the biological science of classification

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23
Q

Classification

A

the organization of living things

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24
Q

Classification is _______, and it can be used worldwide

A

global

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25
Q

Homologous Structures

A

structures that come from a common ancestor (was a historical way of classification)

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26
Q

Cladograms

A

The line graph things. used to HYPOTHESIZE about evolutionary relationships based on homologous characteristics that were derived from a common ancestor. **When reading, drop an imaginary ball from the animal/plant in question and everything that the ball hits applies to that organism.

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27
Q

Phylogenetic Trees

A

Based on true evolutionary relationships (based on molecular data). Root is LUCA. All life on Earth is RELATED.

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28
Q

A break in a phylogenetic tree is called a

A

node

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29
Q

Use ______ for scientific names for living organisms.

A

Latin

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30
Q

Modern taxonomy is based on _____ ________’s hierarchical classification system.

A

Carl Linnaeus

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31
Q

There are __ levels of classification

A

8

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32
Q

_______ is the broadest, _______ is the most specific.

A

Domain, species

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33
Q

D K P C O F G S (tool to remember)

A

Dear Kind Phillip Came Over For Good Spaghetti

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34
Q

D______

A

Domain

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35
Q

K___

A

Kingdom

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36
Q

P______

A

Phylum

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37
Q

C___

A

Class

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38
Q

O____

A

Order

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39
Q

F____

A

Family

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40
Q

G____

A

Genus

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41
Q

S______

A

Species

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42
Q

The scientific name is always in ______

A

italics

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43
Q

The 3 Domains:

A

Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, and Eukaryotes

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44
Q

Eubacteria kingdom ->

A

Eubacteria

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45
Q

Archaebacteria kingdom ->

A

Archaebacteria

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46
Q

Eukaryote Kingdoms ->

A

Protists, Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia

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47
Q

Archaebacteria. Live in ______ environments. Thought to be directly related to _______. They are ___karyotic, and have ___ cell(s).

A

extreme, LUCA. Pro, 1 cell.

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48
Q

Are archaebacteria: autotrophs, heterotrophs, or both?

A

Both

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49
Q

Autotrophic archaebacteria perform ____________.

A

Chemosynthesis. Chemical photosynthesis (without sun).

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50
Q

Eubacteria are/are not common.

A

VERY common and are EVERYWHERE.

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51
Q

Eubacteria are ___karyotic and have __ cell(s).

A

Pro, 1

52
Q

Are eubacteria: autotrophs, heterotrophs, or both?

A

both

53
Q

Eukaryotes all are __karyotic. **Only thing they all have in common.

A

Eu

54
Q

Protists are the “____ ______” of the 6 kingdoms.

A

junk drawer

55
Q

Protists are mostly ___________, except for seaweed and slime molds.

A

unicellular

56
Q

Are protists: autotrophs, heterotrophs, or both?

A

Can be either

57
Q

Plantae all have a ____ ____ made of _________.

A

cell wall, cellulose

58
Q

Are plantae: autotrophs, heterotrophs, or both?

A

Autotrophs (can do photosynthesis)

59
Q

All plantae are ____cellular

A

multi

60
Q

Fungi can live in dark places, therefore, they don’t do ______________.

A

photosynthesis

61
Q

Fungi cells have a ____ ____ made of ______ (a complex carbohydrate)

A

cell wall, chitin

62
Q

All Fungi are ____________ except for yeast.

A

multicellular

63
Q

Fungi are ____________ (consumers) by __________ of food.

A

heterotrophs, absorbtion

64
Q

Animalia have NO ____ _____. They can ____ at some point in their life

A

cell wall, move

65
Q

heterotroph

A

consumers

66
Q

autotrophs

A

make their own food (ex: photosynthesis, chemosynthesis)

67
Q

Simpler organisms evolve ______.

A

faster

68
Q

the time frame of evolution ____ defined. It can happen in millions/thousands or years, or just a few days.

A

isn’t

69
Q

Correct Evolution naturalists (2):

A

Charles Darwin & Alfred Wallace

70
Q

Where did Darwin research?

A

Galapagosh

71
Q

Where did Wallace research?

A

East Indies & Brazil, and then the Malay archipelago

72
Q

Incorrect naturalist:

A

Jean Baptiste Lamarck

73
Q

Biogeography is the study of:

A

the distribution of plants and animals around the world.

74
Q

Fossil Records study rock layers, or ______, and the fossils that are contained in them.

A

strata

75
Q

The deeper the layer of rock, the _____ back in history it is.

A

farther

76
Q

Homologous Structures

A

structures that evolved from a common ancestor

77
Q

Analogous Structures

A

Structures that didn’t evolve from a common ancestor (convergent evolution)

78
Q

Vestigial Structures

A

structures that an ancestor used but the descendent doesn’t, so it will eventually be phased out. Ex: appendix, wisdom teeth.

79
Q

Comparative embryology

A

studying embryos to determine evolutionary relationships

80
Q

Artificial Selection

A

selective breeding

81
Q

Special Creation (pre-Darwin)

A

Each creation was perfectly created individually by God.

82
Q

Molecular Evidence

A

DNA evidence of Evolution

83
Q

DNA evidence proves that all life on Earth is _______.

A

related

84
Q

DNA evidence is the best/worse piece of evidence for evolution?

A

best (very strong)

85
Q

DNA data is used to build evolutionary ____________ trees.

A

phylogenetic

86
Q

True of False: Ancient genes can be found in a genome, even if they aren’t shown.

A

True, they are just “turned off”

87
Q

Lamarck had the wrong idea about evolution. He believed that an organism can “____” their own evolution.

A

will

88
Q

Wallace and Darwin had the right idea, that _______ selection is how organisms evolved.

A

natural

89
Q

Natural Selection

A

Occurs due to variation, overproduction of offspring, competition, differential survival, and reproduction of inheritance.

90
Q

Inherited variation sets up ___________ between individuals that nature can select upon as more or less fit for that environment.

A

differences

91
Q

Is evolution faster/slower in asexual organisms? Why?

A

slower because they have no variation between generations so they have to wait for genetic mutations to allow evolution.

92
Q

Overproduction of Offspring

A

In nature, there are more offspring born than can survive due to limiting resources.

93
Q

Name 2 biotic and 2 abiotic factors that populations could fight over (COMPETITION)

A

Biotic: food, mates
Abiotic: light, shelter, space, water

94
Q

Differential Survival Example

A

Giraffe’s neck getting longer over time

95
Q

Heredity

A

Animals inheriting preferable traits (Ex: longer necks in giraffes)

96
Q

Advantagus Trait:

A

Favorable trait (ex: longer necks in giraffes)

97
Q

Mechanism of Evolution: Mutation

A

A random change in the genetic composition of an organism due to changes in the DNA sequence

98
Q

Mechanism of Evolution: Non-random mating

A

Sexually reproductive animals choose their mates, which increases genetic variation

99
Q

Mechanism of Evolution: Natural Selection is random/not random.

A

Not random

100
Q

What changes over time?
A. Organisms
B. Species/Populations

A

B. Species/Populations

101
Q

Mechanism of Evolution equivalent to distance/time

A

Descent with Modifications

102
Q

Genetic Drift Chance event example.

A

Tornado, volcano, tsunami, earthquake, etc.

103
Q

Genetic Drift = Survival of the “________”

A

luckiest

104
Q

The Genetic Drift always _________ genetic diversity

A

decreases

105
Q

The bottleneck effect

A

Population contrast significantly into a smaller size by a sudden event

106
Q

The founder effect

A

a random small group in a population splinters off from the original population to colonize a new area

107
Q

Gene flow is also known as

A

migration/immigration

108
Q

Speciation=

A

species + formation

109
Q

Speciation requires three things:

A

isolation, evolution, time

110
Q

Viable means

A

survival until adulthood

111
Q

Allopatric Speciation

A

a physical geographic barrier that isolates a population

112
Q

Sympatric speciation

A

Reproduction isolation that occurs between two populations without physical barriers

113
Q

Niche=

A

The role an organism plays in its environment (it’s job)

114
Q

Every species has a unique niche in order to decrease ___________ with other species. This ________ survival for everyone

A

competition, enhances

115
Q

Adaptive Radiation is common on _______ and common after mass _________ because there are _____ ecological niches.

A

Islands (think Galapagos), extinction (think the dinos), empty.

116
Q

Hominid

A

all the great apes and their ancestors

117
Q

hominin

A

any hominid that was bipedal (in the human lineage)

118
Q

bipedal

A

walks habitually on 2 legs

119
Q

Humans appeared ____ in Earth’s history.

A

late

120
Q

Humans (did/didn’t) evolve from chimpanzees.

A

didn’t, we simply share a common ancestor

121
Q

When did the common ancestor that chimps and humans share live?

A

~7 million years ago

122
Q

The connection between chimps and humans is proven by these two things:

A

Fossils and the molecular clock

123
Q

Human evolution was/wasn’t linear

A

WAS NOT

124
Q

Humans traded in ____ for a bigger brain.

A

A large jaw (stronger bite)

125
Q

What is our closest extinct relative?

A

Homo Neanderthalensis

Biology 9B (8 decks)

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