Unit 7 - Epidemiology of Periodontal Disease

Question 1

What is the definition of epidemiology?

Answer 1

Study of factors and conditions that determine the occurrence and distribution of disease patterns in groups of people

Question 2

What is the definition of prevalence?

Answer 2

Proportion of persons affected by a disease at a given point in time

Question 3

What is the definition of incidence?

Answer 3

The rate of occurrence of new disease during a period of time

Question 4

Why is it difficult to determine the prevalence and incidence of gingivitis and periodontitis?

Answer 4

• A lot of patients with disease don’t go to the dentist regularly
• Is a multifactorial disease
• Lots of ups and downs with disease

Question 5

What are a few purposes of epidemiologic studies?

Answer 5

• Identify potential cause of disease
• Estimate those at risk
• Find mode of transmission

Question 6

What is the limitation of epidemiology studies?

Answer 6

Can discover only associations, cannot determine causation

Question 7

What are a few factors that determine causation?

Answer 7

• Strength of association
• Intervention/dose-response
• Temporal consistency
• Consistency of finding
• Biological plausibility

Question 8

What are the three main diseases evaluated in the epidemiology studies?

Answer 8

• Gingivitis
• Chronic periodontitis
• Aggressive periodontitis

Question 9

When does gingivitis occur? 3 factors.

Answer 9

• In the absence of good oral hygiene
• Increases with age, starting at 5
• Highest prevalence during puberty

Question 10

Do males or females have more gingival inflammation?

Answer 10

Males

Question 11

What does bleeding on probing help diagnose?

Answer 11

Gingivitis

Question 12

What is localized aggressive peritonitis?

Answer 12

• Periodontal destruction around 1st molars and incisors

Question 13

When does localized aggressive peritonitis onset?

Answer 13

After puberty

Question 14

What is the race predilection of localized aggressive peritonitis?

Answer 14

1-2% of African descent, 0.1-0.2 in white descent

Question 15

What is generalized aggressive peritonitis?

Answer 15

• Very severe generalized pattern of bone loss
• Periodontal destruction is related to plaque

Question 16

What periodontal diseases are associated with family aggregation?

Answer 16

Localized and generalized aggressive periodontitis

Question 17

When does generalized aggressive peritonitis onset?

Answer 17

After puberty

Question 18

What is chronic periodontitis?

Answer 18

• Slow chronic disease
• No specific pattern of destruction
• Common disease

Question 19

When does chronic periodontitis onset?

Answer 19

After puberty, but not usually apparent until third or fourth decade of life

Question 20

What positive correlation is associated with chronic periodontitis?

Answer 20

Positive correlation between destructive periodontal disease prevalence and age

Question 21

Is chronic periodontal disease incidence constant over age?

Answer 21

Yes, new cases occur at the approximately the same rate over all ages

Question 22

How does oral cleanliness affect chronic periodontal disease?

Answer 22

Strong positive correlation between periodontal destruction and level of oral cleanliness

Question 23

Do men or women demonstrate a greater amount of periodontal disease?

Answer 23

Men

Question 24

How does age affect chronic periodontitis?

Answer 24

Strong positive correlation between disease severity and age

Question 25

What three systemic factors have epidemiology studies found that are associated with periodontal disease?

Answer 25

• Cardiovascular disease
• Diabetes
• Low birth weight

Question 26

Have treatment studies supported that periodontal therapy will reduce unfavorable outcomes?

Answer 26

No

Question 27

Gingivitis is nearly universal in humans who do not….

Answer 27

Who do not control plaque

Question 28

For the general population, the severity and extent of both gingivitis and periodontitis increases with…

Answer 28

Higher amounts of plaque

Question 29

What factors of periodontitis increase with age? Which factors do not?

Answer 29

• Increase with age: Severity and prevalence
• Do not change with age: Incidence

Question 30

Smoking is related to an increase of..

Answer 30

Periodontitis

Question 31

Localized aggressive periodontitis presents with a localized pattern of…

Answer 31

1st molar and incisor involvement

Question 32

It is difficult to estimate prevalence of gingivitis and periodontitis because the disease is…

Answer 32

Measured in multiple places in each subject’s mouth

Question 33

In both gingivitis and periodontitis, what sites are most severely affected?

Answer 33

Interproximal sites