Unit 7: Drug Sources, Schedules & Dosages Flashcards
Study of drugs
Pharmacology
Pharmacology subdivisions
Pharmacodynamics Pharmacognosy Pharmacogenetics Pharmacogenomics Pharmacokinetics Pharmacotherapeutics Toxicology
Medicinal substance that alters or modifies the functions of a living organism
Drug
5 medical used of drugs
Therapeutic Diagnostic Curative Replacement Preventive/prophylactic
Drug names
Chemical
Generic
Brand
Formula that denoted chemical composition of drug
Chemical
Official, established, nonproprietary name, has the same active ingredients as the brand name drug
Generic
Trade name given by manufacture
Brand
Drug sources
Plants Minerals Animals Synthetic Genetically engineered pharmaceuticals Biologics
-Have been used as a source of medication since time began
- may use leaves, roots,stems or fruit
Examples: digitalis, iodine, Celestine, saw palmetto
Plants
-naturally occurring substances
-highly purified form
Example: sulfur
Minerals
-very few drugs
- made from fluids, tissues, organs or glands of animals
Example: Premarin
Animals
- combination of various chemicals
- may be identification to natural drug or totally unique
- can be produced in great volume
- less expensive than natural drugs
Examples: chloromycetin, sulfathiazole
Synthetic
- biotechnology
- used in health care, agriculture, and industry
- utilizes gene splicing/DNA
Examples: Humulin, Activase , Nutropin, Pulmozyme
Genetically engineered pharmaceuticals
- Vaccines
- Blood and blood products
- recombinant therapeutic proteins
Examples: Amevive, Herceptin, Orencia, Remicade
Biologics
- All legal drugs controlled by Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act
- Protects purity, strength, and composition of food, drugs, devices and cosmetics
- FDA responsible for enforcement (DHHS)
Drug Legislation
- controls manufacture, importation, compounding, selling, dealing, or giving away of drugs w/ potential for addiction or abuse
Examples: opium, cocaine, narcotics, stimulants, depressants - Drug enforcement agency (DEA) responsible for enforcement
- practitioners must register with DEA
- must renew every 3 years
Controlled Substance Act (CSA)
- schedule based on the substance’s medical potential for abuse
- as the schedule changes, so does the abuse potential
- schedule I = most dangerous
- schedule V= least potential for abuse
Drug schedules
Official list of standardized drugs
United States Pharmacopeia-National Formulary (USP-NF)
Lists all drugs that have reached a certain frequency of use
New Drugs
United States Pharmacopeia- National Formulary (USP-NF) New Drugs Physicians Desk References Product information insert Drugs at FDA
Drug References Resources
Contains full FDA approved drug label info, including warnings, interactions,and phots of pills
Physicians’ Desk Reference
- Brief description of drug, clinical pharmacology, indication, usage, etc
- provided with each product
Product information insert
- official web site of FDA, DHHS, and CDER
- searchable catalog, of FDA approved drug products (prescription and OTC)
- updated daily with marketing status
Drugs @ FDA
- determined by physician or qualified practitioner, who converted important factors:
- age
- weight /body surface area (BSA)
- gender
- medical hx
- pathology
- genetic variants
Drug dose
First dose
Initial dose
Amount proven most effective with minimum toxic effect
Average dose
Larger initial dose does to bring drug to therapeutic level quicker
Loading dose
Will keep concentrations at therapeutic levels
Maintenance dose
Smallest effective dose
Minimum dose
Largest safe amount
Maximum dose
Amount needed for desired effect
Therapeutic dose
Fractional portion at short intervals
Divided dose
Pre-measured amount package per dose
Unit dose
Summation of drug in body after repeated medication
Cumulative dose
Amount that could kill a pt
Lethal dose
Amount that causes symptoms of toxicity
Toxic dose
