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Computer science > Unit 7 - Automated systems (add more) > Flashcards

Unit 7 - Automated systems (add more) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an automated system?

A

An automation system is an integration of sensors, controls, and actuators designed to perform a function with minimal or no human intervention.

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2
Q

What does an automated system need to work?

A
  • sensors to detect inputs
  • a microprocessor
  • output devices such as sirens, lights or actuators​
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3
Q

What is an actuator?

A

Actuators are devices that control ​the operation of machinery. For instance, they may move a ​
door or shut a valve on a pipe​.

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4
Q

What does a sensor do?

A

a sensor is a device that detects and responds to some type of input from the physical environment.

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5
Q

What is a microcontroller?

A

Microprocessors are used to control ​automated systems​. Microcontrollers are often used ​
in automation​. These contain RAM, ROM and ​
a processor all on one unit​

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6
Q

What is done with the data provided from the sensors?

A

Data from sensors is used as inputs for the microprocessor​. The data is processed so that actuators are ​correctly controlled​

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7
Q

What sensors and ​automations are used in transport?​

A
  • Cars: pressure sensor: All cars made after 2014 must have a tyre pressure monitoring system (TPMS)​. This safety system detects if the tyre has a flat tyre or ​a slow puncture​. It warns the driver so they can stop ​and get the tyre fixed​
  • Self driving cars: Fully self driving vehicles are currently used in a small number of places in the world​. Many cars are already fitted with abilities such as adaptive cruise control and automatic parking​
  • Roads​: Car cruise control system, motorway signs, traffic lights, pedestrian crossings, car parking space monitoring​

Railways​: Signals, signage, automatic breaking systems, ​automated train systems, toxic gas sensors in tunnels​

Aircraft​: Autopilot, air traffic control, systems for check-in, dropping off and collecting baggage​

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8
Q

What sensors do ​cars need ​for automation ​or self driving?​

A

The following are likely to be used in ​
self-driving cars:​
- Video cameras​
- Radar (Radio detection and ranging – to measure distance)​
- Ultrasonic (Uses high-pitched sound to measure distance)​
- LiDar (Light detection and ranging – to measure distance)​

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9
Q

How does industry use automated system?

A

to manufacture products or move products around warehouses​

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10
Q

Name two examples of industry and ​
explain how they might use automation​

A

Petrochemicals industry​
- This industry uses automation to pump fluids around chemical plants. They are used in the production of fertilisers, chemicals and oil refining into usable fuel​

Food industry​
- The production of food, packaging and distribution are ​all automated​

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11
Q

How does gaming use automated systems?

A

Automated systems are essential in gaming​
- The program logic, graphics and computer players are ​all automated​
- Various sensors can be located on input devices​
- Actuators are able to move seats or ​ simulator cockpits​

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12
Q

Give three advantages of ​automated systems in ​transport, industry ​or gaming:

A

Advantages​
- Fewer people need to be employed​
- Repetitive tasks carried out with high accuracy and no breaks​
- Able to work in dangerous environments (industry)​
- More accurate simulation (gaming)​

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13
Q

Give three disadvantages of ​automated systems in ​transport, industry ​or gaming:

A

Disadvantages​
- People may lose their jobs or have fewer jobs to apply for​
- Automation can be very dangerous if something goes wrong​
- It is initially expensive to buy machinery​

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14
Q

Name 5 industries that use automated systems:​

A

Industry, transport, agriculture, gaming, lighting, science​

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15
Q

Name 4 types of sensor​

A

Ultrasonic, light, button, oxygen, temperature, pressure,…​

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16
Q

Name 3 advantages of using automated systems​

A

Fewer people required, work 24 hours a day, are able to work faster/more accurately than people in many tasks​

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17
Q

Name 2 disadvantages of using automated systems​

A

High costs to purchase equipment, fewer jobs, mistakes made by machines may be harmful​

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18
Q

Name 1 component responsible for processing ​
instructions in an automated system​

A

microprocessor

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19
Q

Name at least three different areas ​
where robots are used

A

Industry – e.g. manufacturing of food and products​

Transport – e.g. self driving trains and cars​

Agriculture – e.g. sowing, fertilising, harvest and picking​

Medicine – e.g. testing and surgery​

Domestic – e.g. robot vacuum cleaner and lawn mowers​

Entertainment – e.g. toys, robot servers​

​

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20
Q

What are robotics?

A

Robotics is a branch of ​Computer Science that incorporates the design, ​construction and operation ​of robots​

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21
Q

What are the characteristics ​of a robot?

A
  • They have a mechanical structure or framework​
  • They have electrical components, such as sensors, microprocessors and actuators​
  • They are programmable
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22
Q

Do actuators control separate parts of a robots body?

A

No usually different actuators are assigned to different parts of the body, for example one of one of the legs and a separate on for the arm.

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23
Q

Does a robot have a program in ROM that can’t be change?

A

Yes

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24
Q

How are robots programable?

A

Once the robot is made it can be programmed by the user afterwards with buttons or using text ​
languages or using ​3D environments​.

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25
Q

Which areas are robots used in the world?

A
  • Industry (economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories.)
  • agriculture (Agriculture is the art and science of cultivating the soil, growing crops and raising livestock.)
  • Medicine
  • Automated transport systems​
  • Domestic robots (Domestic - relating to the running of a home or to family relations.)
  • Robots in entertainment​
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26
Q

What are some specific examples of robots being used in industry?

A
  • Robots have many uses in ​industry including making ​and packing products​
  • Industrial robots are used in ​Car manufacture​
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27
Q

What are the advantages of using robots?

A
  • They are more accurate​
  • They are able to work without breaks​
  • They can work in hazardous environments​
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28
Q

What are some specific examples of robots being used in agriculture?

A
  • They may be used in sowing seeds, applying fertiliser or harvesting crops​
  • GPS helps in navigation of tractors​
  • Drones may be used to survey fields​
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29
Q

What are some specific examples of robots being used in medicine? Why are robots used in medicine?

A
  • Robotic arms are able to make incisions, remove tissue and stitch patients​
  • Where they are ​currently used they ​are monitored by ​a human surgeon​
  • Robots are used ​as they are more ​accurate and don’t ​have slight tremors ​like humans do​
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30
Q

What are some examples of robots being used in automated transport systems?

A

Transport systems are automated to the degree that they can be considered as robots​:
- Planes have sophisticated auto-pilot systems that are able to take-off, fly and land the plane​
- Many trains, especially light rail networks, (at airports or Docklands Light Railway) do not have drivers​
- Self-driving cars are currently in development and already available in some cities​

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31
Q

What are some examples of robots being used in domestic life?

A

Domestic robots are able to carry out many household tasks​:
- Robot vacuum cleaners may be programmed ​
to clean certain areas of a house​
- Robot lawn mowers are able ​to cut allocated areas ​of lawn in a garden​

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32
Q

What are some examples of robots being used in entertainment?

A
  • Robot toys mimic animals and pets​
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33
Q

Explain how the robot dog Aibo works?

A
  • It has camera sensors on its ​nose and above its tail​
  • Other sensors detect stroking​
  • Actuators control legs ​and movement​
  • It has facial recognition ​and interacts differently ​
    with each person it ​plays with​
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34
Q

What are some advantages of using robots?

A
  • Reduces the cost / need for humans to do the task​
  • Works faster​
  • Is more accurate / efficient​
  • Is able to work in dangerous environments / reduces the risks to humans​
  • Is able to work 24 x 7 / works without a break​
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35
Q

What are some disadvantages of using robots

A
  • The cost of purchasing the robot (or replacing it if it breaks)​
  • The robot being unreliable / less reliable than a human​
  • The robot not doing as good a job as a human​
  • Jobs being lost as a result of the robot​
  • A loss of contact with real people
36
Q

Describe three characterists of a robot:

A
  • A mechanical structure or framework​
  • Electrical components, such as sensors, microprocessors and actuators​
  • Programmable​
37
Q

Give two advantages and​ two disadvantages of using ​robots as company for ​lonely elderly people:

A

+ Work 24 hours a day without breaks; + If programmed correctly, can be highly accurate and give consistent results; cheaper than employing humans​

  • Not as good as humans; - people lose touch with real human contact and may still feel lonely
38
Q

What is Artificial Intelligence (AI)?

A

Artificial intelligence is the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems

39
Q

What are some examples of AI being used?

A
  • Self-driving cars​
  • Natural Language Processing (NLP) tools​
  • Speech recognition, including AI assistants​
  • Conversational help bots​
  • Robotics​
  • Healthcare such as discovering new medicines and ​detecting diseases​
  • Image recognition​
  • E-commerce product recommendations​

​

​

40
Q

What are some characteristics of AI?

A
  • Collection of data​
  • Rules for using the data – these rules may be programmed into a program, or the program may discover the rules​
  • The ability to reason​
  • The ability to learn or adapt
41
Q

How are rules used by AI?

A

Rules are used by AI to determine the answers ​
to questions​
- They may be programmed by a human or ‘discovered’ by machine learning​

42
Q

How is Ai able to use reasoning?

A

Artificial intelligence is able to use reasoning to find out new information based on the rules it is given​

43
Q

What is an expert system?

A

An expert system is a computer program that simulates a human expert​

44
Q

What is an example of an expert system?

A

For example, a website that finds the right future career for you could ask a series of questions before suggesting suitable options​

45
Q

What are expert systems made up of?

A
  • A knowledge base​
  • A rule base​
  • An inference engine​
  • An interface​
46
Q

What is the knowledge and rule base in an expert system?

A

The knowledge base and rule base are like a database that stores a set of facts and rules​. These rules are like IF-THEN statements​. For instance, in an expert system that suggests future careers, one rule in the rule base could be:​
- IF you like football AND you like talking THEN​
we suggest being a football commentator​

47
Q

What is an interference engine?

A

Controls the steps taken to solve the problem​
- You can think of an inference engine as carrying out a large number of IF-THEN type statements to reach a conclusion​

48
Q

What is an interference engine?

A

Controls the steps taken to solve the problem​
- You can think of an inference engine as carrying out a large number of IF-THEN type statements to reach a conclusion​

49
Q

There are two ways for an inference engine to work:

A

​- Forward chaining
- Backward chaining

50
Q

What is forward chaining?

A

​- Forward chaining – give a number of facts to the system which the inference engine then uses to reach new facts​

51
Q

What is backward chaining?

A
  • Backward chaining – give a goal and then determine the facts that are needed to reach a goal​
52
Q

Is this an example of forward or backwards chaining (interference engine):

Goal: I want to be a doctor​

You must not faint if you see blood​
You must want to help make people better​
You must like people​
You must like science​

A

Backwards chaining - the inference engine starts with the goal and then determines all the facts needed to achieve the goal

53
Q

Is this an example of forward or backwards chaining (interference engine):

Which job would you like?​

Do you like science? Yes​
Do you like working with people? Yes​
Do you want to help make people’s health better? Yes​
Do you faint if you see blood? No​

You should be a doctor

A

The inference engine is forward chaining by finding facts to find the following goal

54
Q

What is the interface?

A

The interface is the method in which users interact with the expert system​

55
Q

What are some examples of interfaces?

A
  • Web pages​
  • Chat bots​
  • Telephone systems
56
Q

What is machine learning?

A

Machine learning is where a program is able to automatically adapt its own processes or data. Rather than giving the program rules, a large amount of data is collected by the program and which then makes its ​own rules​

57
Q

When using machine learning, do you give the AI rules?

A

In machine learning we don’t give the computer ​
the rules to detect the difference​. Instead we give sets of data for it to learn from​. For instance, we could give a set of properties of many example foods for it to learn from​

58
Q

Fill in the gaps with the words beneath​

AI stands for ___________. The main characteristics include the collection of ____________, the ability to ___________ and the ability to learn and adapt.​___________ systems are one use of AI. Another technique is ___________. Here ___________ is given to a computer program which then creates its own rules.​

training data, artificial intelligence, reason​, data and rules, machine learning, expert​

A

AI stands for artificial intelligence. The main characteristics include the collection of data and rules, the ability to reason and the ability to learn and adapt.​Expert systems are one use of AI. Another technique is machine learning. Here training data is given to a computer program which then creates its own rules.​

59
Q

Name an example of automated systems in gaming:

A

AI opponents in games

59
Q

Name an example of automated systems in lighting:

A

Home control systems (smart home)

60
Q

Name an example of automated systems in weather:

A

Airport weather monitoring systems

61
Q

Name an example of automated systems in science:

A

Laboratory automation

62
Q

Name an example of automated systems in agriculture:

A

Crop harvesting

63
Q

Name an example of automated systems in industry:

A

packaging of items to be shipped

64
Q

What is a scenario of automated systems being used in industry? (refer to sensor, microprocessors and actuators)

A
  • Items in a factory are packed and packaged by an automated production line.
  • Sensors are used to detect the sizes of items
  • microprocessors ensure that the correct packaging materials are selected
  • actuators are used to move the items around to ensure consistent and accurate packaging each time.
65
Q

What are the advantages of using automated systems in packing items in a factory (industry)?

A
  • Production is much faster
  • number of errors can be reduced
66
Q

What are the disadvantages of using automated systems in packing items in a factory (industry)?

A
  • Fewer jobs as humans are replaced by machinery
67
Q

What is a scenario of automated systems being used in transport? (refer to sensor, microprocessors and actuators)

A
  • Driverless cars can transport goods and passengers around a city based on start and end point instructions.
  • Sensors detect the vehicle proximity to other objects
  • microprocessors control factors like speed and direction
  • actuators are used to move the steering mechanism
68
Q

What are the advantages of using automated systems in driverless cars (transport)?

A
  • A huge reduction in road traffic accidents and injuries caused by collisions
  • Less traffic congestion
69
Q

What are the disadvantages of using automated systems in driverless cars (transport)?

A
  • potential for more vehicles on the road if the technology is popular.
  • automated cars are very expensive
70
Q

What is a scenario of automated systems being used in agriculture? (refer to sensor, microprocessors and actuators)

A
  • Automatic harvesting of crops for supplying to shops and supermarkets.
  • Sensors detect optimal times for harvesting based on factors such as weather conditions
  • microprocessors determine exact locations for the harvest
  • actuators are used to carry out the extraction of the goods from the ground
71
Q

What are the advantages of using automated systems in harvesting crops (agriculture)?

A
  • faster collection of goods
  • able to cover a large distance in a short amount of time
72
Q

What are the disadvantages of using automated systems in harvesting crops (agriculture)?

A
  • automated vehicles and large and expensive
  • reduced job opportunities for humans
73
Q

What is a scenario of automated systems being used in weather? (refer to sensor, microprocessors and actuators)

A
  • Automated monitoring of weather at airports to help predict poor flying and landing conditions.
  • Sensors check for potentially dangerous weather such as wind, rain, fog or snow
  • microprocessors are programmed to issue relevant Warnings as a result of the data gathered
  • actuators can activate emergency systems such as lighting wherever required
74
Q

What are the advantages of using automated systems in monitoring weather at airports (weather)?

A
  • information about the overhead weather conditions is fed constantly to air traffic controllers
75
Q

What are the disadvantages of using automated systems in monitoring weather at airports (weather)?

A
  • predictions can sometimes be incorrect, for example if snow is the forecast but it doesn’t arrive.
76
Q

What is a scenario of automated systems being used in gaming? (refer to sensor, microprocessors and actuators)

A
  • The introduction of artificial intelligence as opponents in computer games.
  • Sensors are built into gaming environments where characters interact with human controllers
  • microprocessors determine game outcomes and decisions
  • actuators are activated in controllers to give haptic feedback, such as vibrations.
77
Q

What are the advantages of using automated systems in computer games (gaming)?

A
  • the depth of the gaming challenge is increased with computer generated components which behave in a ‘human’ way
78
Q

What are the disadvantages of using automated systems in computer games (gaming)?

A
  • decreases real social interactions with other humans and can create an almost fictional life
79
Q

What is a scenario of automated systems being used in lighting? (refer to sensor, microprocessors and actuators)

A
  • Lighting control systems in a house where routines can be preset based on behaviours
  • Sensors can detect ambient light levels
  • microprocessors run routines based on human requirements
  • actuators can activate home equipment
80
Q

What are the advantages of using automated systems in light control systems (lighting)?

A

Systems can be taught to react to environmental factors, such as switching lights on and off when the conditions are correct

81
Q

What are the disadvantages of using automated systems in light control systems (lighting)?

A
  • systems can become complex as they are different from traditional switches
  • The lightbulbs and technology also tend to be expensive to maintain
82
Q

What is a scenario of automated systems being used in science? (refer to sensor, microprocessors and actuators)

A
  • Automated laboratory experiments that can be carried out continuously over many days
  • Sensors detect changes in environmental conditions
  • microprocessors can calculate required alterations to the experimental settings
  • actuators can turn on heaters coolers or water supplies as required
83
Q

What are the advantages of using automated systems in laboratory experiments (science)?

A
  • Many more repetitions of the experiments and reading data can take place than when humans carry out tests manually.
84
Q

What are the disadvantages of using automated systems in laboratory experiments (science)?

A
  • if something goes wrong it can be several hours before this is discovered, which could ruin any results collected.

Computer science (8 decks)

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