Unit 7, 8, 9 Flashcards
“Heart” deficits in social interaction for ASD?
Lack of social or emotional reciprocity
Markedly impaired use of nonverbal behaviors
Failure to develop developmentally appropriate peer relationships
Nine red flags that differentiate autism from ID
Lack of appropriate gaze Lack of warm, joyful expressions with gaze Lack of sharing enjoyment or interest Lac of response to name Lack of coordination of gaze, facial expression, gesture, and sound Lack of showing Unusual prosody Repetitive body movements Repetitive movements with object
3 key issues in social development in ASD
Social cognition
Social skills
Social motivation
How does social cognition evolve in neurological children?
- Earliest interactions
- Joint attention
- Early symbolic communication (pointing with index finger to communicate)
- Imitation of others movements
- Parallel play
- Cooperative play
- Complex interactions
- By age 6, learning that others may lie, cheat or steal to get what they want
What is Theory of Mind?
Inability to attribute mental states to others and themselves
What are the interventions used to teach social skills?
Direct intrusion (explicit teaching of a skill-set using lectures or demonstrations of the material) Modeling Role-playing Performance feedback Response cost
What are the elements of a social story?
Descriptive sentences Directive sentences (gives students instructions of how to behave) Perspective sentences (provides info about how other people think and feel)
What is the hidden curriculum?
The set of unwritten rules that no one has been directly taught but everyone knows
What are pivotal skills?
Those skills that result in positive changes in other areas of functioning and improvements in subsequent learning
What are examples of pivotal skills?
Motivation
Responsivity to multiple cues
Self-management
Self-initiations
What is milieu or incidental teaching?
Arranging the environment to elicit desired responses
How do we learn behavior and what are they?
Operant conditioning (future probability of a behavior is determined by its past consequences (reinforcement and punishment)) Classical conditioning ( stimulus-response relationships) Social learning- modeling (learn new behaviors through observing others model the behavior)
What are the reinforcements?
Positive- the addition of a stimulus strengthens behavior
Negative- the removal of a stimulus strengthens behavior
What is discriminative stimulus?
Is an antecedent stimulus that predicts that a specific response will be followed by a reinforcer
Behaviors persist because children want/ need to get something?
Gain parent/ peer/ staff attention
Obtain preferred item or activity
Obtain sensory stimulation
Positive reinforcement
Behaviors persist because children want/ need to escape something?
Escape or avoid: Tasks demands Social interaction Anxiety Sensory stimulation
Negative reinforcement
What is behavioral momentum?
Prior to difficult or disliked activities or tasks, ask the child to do 3 quick, easy and preferred activities to increase the likelihood that he will experience success and be motivated to complete the less preferred activities
What is embedding?
Intersperse highly preferred, easy tasks among more difficult and disliked ones
What is priming?
Previewing materials and learning activities in 1 to 1 basis under relaxed conditions
What are the types of skills that serve as alternative behavior?
Self-regulation
Communication skills
Social skills
Academic skills
What is FCT?
Functional Communication Training
Replaces problem behavior with an alternative behavior
How do we teach new behaviors?
Shaping- reinforcing successive approximations to a final desired behavior
Chaining- reinforcing successive elements of a behavior chain (a sequence of a elated behaviors that make up a skill)
Prompting- the presentation of any physical, verbal, gestural, or sensory stimulus or cue to initiate response
