Unit 7, 8, 9

Question 1

“Heart” deficits in social interaction for ASD?

Answer 1

Lack of social or emotional reciprocity
Markedly impaired use of nonverbal behaviors
Failure to develop developmentally appropriate peer relationships

Question 2

Nine red flags that differentiate autism from ID

Answer 2

Lack of appropriate gaze
Lack of warm, joyful expressions with gaze
Lack of sharing enjoyment or interest
Lac of response to name 
Lack of coordination of gaze, facial expression, gesture, and sound 
Lack of showing
Unusual prosody 
Repetitive body movements 
Repetitive movements with object

Question 3

3 key issues in social development in ASD

Answer 3

Social cognition
Social skills
Social motivation

Question 4

How does social cognition evolve in neurological children?

Answer 4

1. Earliest interactions
2. Joint attention
3. Early symbolic communication (pointing with index finger to communicate)
4. Imitation of others movements
5. Parallel play
6. Cooperative play
7. Complex interactions
8. By age 6, learning that others may lie, cheat or steal to get what they want

Question 5

What is Theory of Mind?

Answer 5

Inability to attribute mental states to others and themselves

Question 6

What are the interventions used to teach social skills?

Answer 6

Direct intrusion (explicit teaching of a skill-set using lectures or demonstrations of the material) 
Modeling 
Role-playing 
Performance feedback
Response cost

Question 7

What are the elements of a social story?

Answer 7

Descriptive sentences 
Directive sentences (gives students instructions of how to behave)
Perspective sentences (provides info about how other people think and feel)

Question 8

What is the hidden curriculum?

Answer 8

The set of unwritten rules that no one has been directly taught but everyone knows

Question 9

What are pivotal skills?

Answer 9

Those skills that result in positive changes in other areas of functioning and improvements in subsequent learning

Question 10

What are examples of pivotal skills?

Answer 10

Motivation
Responsivity to multiple cues
Self-management
Self-initiations

Question 11

What is milieu or incidental teaching?

Answer 11

Arranging the environment to elicit desired responses

Question 12

How do we learn behavior and what are they?

Answer 12

Operant conditioning (future probability of a behavior is determined by its past consequences (reinforcement and punishment))
Classical conditioning ( stimulus-response relationships)
Social learning- modeling (learn new behaviors through observing others model the behavior)

Question 13

What are the reinforcements?

Answer 13

Positive- the addition of a stimulus strengthens behavior

Negative- the removal of a stimulus strengthens behavior

Question 14

What is discriminative stimulus?

Answer 14

Is an antecedent stimulus that predicts that a specific response will be followed by a reinforcer

Question 15

Behaviors persist because children want/ need to get something?

Answer 15

Gain parent/ peer/ staff attention
Obtain preferred item or activity
Obtain sensory stimulation

Positive reinforcement

Question 16

Behaviors persist because children want/ need to escape something?

Answer 16

Escape or avoid:
Tasks demands
Social interaction
Anxiety 
Sensory stimulation 

Negative reinforcement

Question 17

What is behavioral momentum?

Answer 17

Prior to difficult or disliked activities or tasks, ask the child to do 3 quick, easy and preferred activities to increase the likelihood that he will experience success and be motivated to complete the less preferred activities

Question 18

What is embedding?

Answer 18

Intersperse highly preferred, easy tasks among more difficult and disliked ones

Question 19

What is priming?

Answer 19

Previewing materials and learning activities in 1 to 1 basis under relaxed conditions

Question 20

What are the types of skills that serve as alternative behavior?

Answer 20

Self-regulation
Communication skills
Social skills
Academic skills

Question 21

What is FCT?

Answer 21

Functional Communication Training

Replaces problem behavior with an alternative behavior

Question 22

How do we teach new behaviors?

Answer 22

Shaping- reinforcing successive approximations to a final desired behavior
Chaining- reinforcing successive elements of a behavior chain (a sequence of a elated behaviors that make up a skill)
Prompting- the presentation of any physical, verbal, gestural, or sensory stimulus or cue to initiate response