Unit 7 Flashcards
Cover various functions of stimuli;
used to categorize stimuli that have
multiple functions.
Omnibus Terms
Its presentation evokes behavior that terminates it. Its onset weakens behavior that precedes its onset. Its offset strengthens behavior that precedes its offset. It may elicit smooth muscle and gland responses.
Aversive Stimulus
onset strengthens behavior that precedes its onset. Its offset weakens behavior that precedes its offset. It abates behavior that removes it. It may elicit smooth muscle and gland responses.
Appetitive StimulusIts
A sequence of responses in which each response produces a stimulus change that functions as conditioned reinforcement for that response and as a discriminative stimulus for the next response in the chain.
Behavior Chain
A schedule of reinforcement in which the response requirements of two or more basic schedules must be met in a specific sequence before reinforcement is delivered
Chained Schedule
The spread of the effects of
reinforcement to responses
outside the limits of an operant
class.
Induction
The differential reinforcement of
successive approximations to a
target behavior.
Shaping
The terminal target response is a
distinct topography – a different
response – than the response that
is currently occurring.
Shaping Across Topographies
The terminal target response is similar in form to the initial response, but varies across some dimension, such as rate or duration.
Shaping Within Topographies
Magnitude
Quantity
Duration
Parameters of Reinforcement
A schedule of reinforcement is the rule which describes or specifies which responses will be followed by reinforcement and which will not.
Schedule of Reinforcement
Each and every single response that is emitted is reinforced; that is, reinforcement occurs each and every single time the behavior occurs; used to establish or strengthen behavior
Continuous Reinforcement
Some responses are reinforced
and some are not; used to
maintain already established
behavior.
Intermittent reinforcement
Reinforcement is delivered after a
certain number of responses.
Ratio
Reinforcement is delivered for the
FIRST response after a certain
amount of time since the previous
reinforcement.
Interval
The number of responses, or
amount of time, remains the
same.
Fixed
The number of responses, or
amount of time, is random, but
centers around (i.e., averages out
to) a particular value.
Variable
A restriction placed on an interval schedule requiring that the response occur within a specified time limit following the interval to be eligible for reinforcement.
Limited Hold
All or none schedules, as they produce a pause in responding immediately after reinforcement which is followed by a burst of responding. Pauses tend to be longer the thinner the schedule.
FR schedules
Produce steady and high rates of
responding
VR schedules
A behavioral effect associated with abrupt increases in ratio requirements when moving from denser to thinner reinforcement schedules.
Ratio Strain
Scalloped; Produce a pause in responding immediately after reinforcement which is followed by a gradual increase in the rate of responding, with the highest rates at the time closest to reinforcement.
FI schedules
Produce steady, low to moderate
rates of responding.
VI schedules
A preferred stimulus is delivered
at a point in time without a
response requirement.
Time-based Schedules
Reinforcement occurs if and only
if the rate of response is equal to
or greater than a specified value.
Differential Reinforcement of a High
Rate of Responding (DRH)
The contingency for reinforcement is governed by the time elapsed between successive responses (as opposed to responses per unit of time).
DRH-IRT schedules
Consists of two or more schedules operating simultaneously but independently of each other, each for a different response.
Concurrent Schedules
Consists of two or more
alternating schedules, each
associated with a different
stimulus.
Multiple Schedule
The same as a multiple schedule
except that there are no different
stimuli associated with each
component schedule.
Mixed Schedule
A conditioned reinforcer is
produced by completion of the
response requirements for that
component schedule in the chain.
Chained Schedule
No discriminative stimuli in the
links of the chain.
Tandem Schedules
A change in one component of a multiple schedule that increases or decreases the rate of responding on that component is accompanied by a change in the response rate in the opposite direction on the other, unaltered component of the schedule.
Behavioral Contrast
The allocation of responses to
choices available on concurrent
schedules of reinforcement.
Matching Law
