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CNS > Unit 7 > Flashcards

Unit 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Secondary embryonic vesicle from the proseencephalon

A
  • Diencephalon
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2
Q

What does diencephalon mean?

A
  • “Between brain”

- Actually means between the great cerebral hemispheres

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3
Q

Major parts of the diencephalon

A
  • 3rd ventricle
  • Epithalamus
  • Thalamus (included metathalamus)
  • Hypothalamus (under thalamus)
  • Subthalamus (ventral thalamus)
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4
Q

Where is the choroid plexus?

A
  • 3rd ventricle (CSF secretion)
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5
Q

Where are the medial and lateral geniculate bodies?

A
  • Metathalamus of the Thalamus
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6
Q

Functions of the diencephalon

A
  • Most significant relay center for sensory input to the cerebellum (all sensations except olfaction)
  • Integrative as well as relay
  • Significant center for control of autonomic and endocrine functions
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7
Q

Just superior to the midbrain tectum

A
  • Epithalamus
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8
Q

Structures included in the Epithalamus

A
  • Pineal gland

- Posterior commissure

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9
Q

Also known as the “Epiphysis Cerebri”

A
  • Pineal gland (body)
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10
Q

“Brain sand”

A
  • Calcifications of the pineal gland accumulating with age
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11
Q

Built like an endocrine gland, the pineal body secretes what?

A
  • Melatonin
  • Seratonin
  • Norepinepherine
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12
Q

When is the secretion of neurotransmitters from the pineal gland active?

A
  • Late night hours (2-4 AM)
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13
Q

The pineal body is not sensitve to light directly, but through what?

A
  • A pathway originating in the retina and synapsing in the hypothalamus (specifically the suprachiasmic nucleus)
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14
Q

Melatonin levels appear to be a function of what?

A
  • The circadial cycle (not the controller of the cycle)
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15
Q

Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) affects how many people in the U.S. and canada?

A
  • 1 in 20
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16
Q

A small, but identifiable commissure just superior to the midbrain tectum

A
  • Posterior commissure
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17
Q

What are located in the posterior commissure of the epithalamus?

A
  • Pupillary light reflex fibers and nuclei
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18
Q

Just anterior and inferior to the posterior commissure is a small structure

A
  • Subcommissural organ
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19
Q

What might the subcommissural organ do?

A
  • Produce aldosterone
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20
Q

What is the subcommissural organ made primarily of?

A
  • Ependymal cells
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21
Q

Included with the thalamus are the lateral and medial geniculate bodies, often classified separately as what?

A
  • Metathalamus
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22
Q

The thalamus is composed of 2 ovoid masses of gray matter, joined together by a bridge of gray matter substace called what?

A
  • Massa Intermedia (Interthalamic adhesion)
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23
Q

What is lateral to each thalamic mass?

A
  • Posterior limb of the internal capsule
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24
Q

General functions of the thalamus

A
  • All sensory input, except olfaction, is relayed here
  • Helps focus the attention of the cerebral cortex
  • Some appreciation of pain and pemperature sensations are interpreted here
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25
Q

The thalamus us divided into equal right and left thalamic masses held together by what?

A
  • Massa Intermedia (MI)
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26
Q

Largest part of the thalamus; posteriorly located

A
  • Pulvinar
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27
Q

What does the hypothalamus form?

A
  • The floor for the 3rd ventricle

- Portions of the 3rd ventricles lateral walls

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28
Q

What is included as part of the hypothalamus’ structure?

A
  • Infundibular stalk

- Optic chiasma

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29
Q

Hypothalamus consists of what 2 zones?

A
  • Medial

- Lateral

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30
Q

The medial zone of the hypothalamus is subdivided into what?

A
  • Anterior
  • Intermediate
  • Posterior
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31
Q

Functions of the hypothalamus

A
  • Vague control of the basic drives of hunger, thirst, and sex
  • Controls physical aspects of emotional expressions
  • Central control over autonomic functions
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32
Q

Parasympathetic control of the hypothalamus

A
  • Anterior and intermediate areas
  • Inc. digestive motility
  • Dec. heart rate
  • Constriction of the pupil
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33
Q

Sympathetic control of the hypothalamus

A
  • Posterior area
  • Inc. heart rate
  • Vasoconstriction
  • Dec. digestive motility
  • Pupil dilation
  • Piloerection
  • Sweat gland secretion
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34
Q

Endocrine control from the hypothalamus

A
  • Directly via neuron axon extensions into the posterior pituitary
  • Indirectly via neurohormones to control the release of anterior pituitary hormones
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35
Q

The region of the hypothalamus superior and posterior to the optic chiasma and infundibular stalk is subdivided into 3 areas

A
  • Anterior area
  • Intermediate (central) area
  • Posterior area
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36
Q

The area just above the optic chiasma

A
  • Anterior area
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37
Q

Important nuclei in the anterior area

A
  • Surpaoptic and Paraventricular nuclei
  • Suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN)
  • Anterior nucleus
  • Preoptic area (nucleus
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38
Q

This nucleus is responsible for much of our circadial 24 hour rhythms such as temperature, sleep, light, feeding, ect

A
  • Suprachiasmatic Nuclei
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39
Q

The suprachiasmic nuclei is complexly connected to what?

A
  • The pineal gland and its secretions into the bloodstream
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40
Q

Nucleus in the anterior area generally known for parasympathetic functions

A
  • Anterior nucleus
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41
Q

Nucleus in the anterior area known to be a thermo-regulator; especially as the heat goes up

A
  • Preoptic area (nucleus)
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42
Q

Nuclei in the intermediate area

A
  • Dorsomedial nuclei
  • Ventromedial nuclei
  • Arcuate nuclei
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43
Q

Nuclei of the intermediate area that has significant GI tract parasympathetic influence

A
  • Dorsomedial nuclei
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44
Q

Nuclei of the intermediate area which is a center for eating and thirst gratification

A
  • Ventromedial nuclei
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45
Q

Nuclei of the intermediate area near the infundibular stalk that contributes axons to the tuberoinfundibular tract

A
  • Arcuate nuclei
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46
Q

A term used to describe the undulating bulge between the infundibular stalk and the large mammillary bodies

A
  • Tuber cinereum
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47
Q

Nuclei in the posterior area

A
  • Mammillary bodies

- Posterior nuclei

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48
Q

Nucleus of the posterior area important for short term memory

A
  • Mammillary bodies
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49
Q

Nucleus of the posterior area which is a thermoregulator; especially as the body cools down (shivering)

A
  • Posterior nuclei
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50
Q

What is the posterior area known for?

A
  • Diverse sympathetic actions
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51
Q

What does the posterior pituitary develop from embryologically?

A
  • Diencephalon
52
Q

Which area gives rise to the anterior and intermediate pituitary?

A
  • Rathke’s pouch
53
Q

Most blood to the pituitary and infundibular stalk comes from branches off what?

A
  • Internal carotid arteries
54
Q

Within the infundibular stalk, the small arteries break into highly permeable capillaries called what?

A
  • Fenestrated sinusoid
55
Q

The fenestrated sinusoids do what?

A
  • Picks up the “releasing factors” from the tuberoinfundibular tract fibers
56
Q

A series of small veins drain the hormone-laden blood to the capillary beds of the ______

A
  • Anterior pituitary
57
Q

The veins that drain the hormone-laden blood to the capillary beds of the anterior pituitary are actually porting blood between two capillary beds are called what?

A
  • Hypophyseal portal veins (and system)
58
Q

Once the releasing factors enter the substance of the anterior pituitary they exert what?

A
  • A controlling influence on the release of pituitary hormones
59
Q

Locations of the subthalamus

A

-Just under the lateral ventral aspect of the thalamus

60
Q

The subthalamus includes the following nuclei

A
  • Parvocellular region of the red nucleus
  • Superior portion of the substantia nigra
  • Subthalamic nuclei (corpus Luysi)
61
Q

Among other connections, the subthalamic nuclei sends and recieves fibers to and from what?

A
  • The globus pallidus of the telecephalon
62
Q

What system is the subthalamic nuclei part of?

A
  • Extrapyramidal system
63
Q

What may lesions of the subthalamic nucleus lead to?

A
  • Usually vascular
  • May lead to dramatic forceful flinging movements of the shoulders and/or hips
  • This movement is called hemiballism or ballism
64
Q

General characteristics of the telecephalon

A
  • Anatomically: RIght and left hemispheres are equivalent
  • Functionally: The 2 hemispheres have significant differences event hough most of the activity is eventually shared via commissural fibers
65
Q

Parts of the telecephalon

A
  • Pallium
  • Centrum semiovale
  • Basal ganglia
66
Q

Outer convoluted gray cerebral cortex of the telecephalon

A
  • Pallium
67
Q

An underlying mass of white fibers of the telecephalon collectively called…

A
  • Centrum semiovale
68
Q

Deep within the white matter are collections of neuron cell bodies in the telecephalon

A
  • Basal ganglia (nuclei)
69
Q

Lobes on each side of the telecephalon

A
  • Frontal lobe: Largest
  • Temporal lobe
  • Parietal lobe
  • Occipital lobe (smallest)
70
Q

Functions of the telecephalon

A
  • Final integration of neural machanisms
  • Initiation center for voluntary actions
  • Memory and associative memory
  • Abstract thinking: serves as basis for much of our emotional response
71
Q

Total surface area of the pallium (cerebral cortex)

A
  • About 2.5 square feet
72
Q

Where is 2/3s of the surface of the pallium (cerebral cortex?

A
  • Down in the sulci
73
Q

What is the thickness of the pallium (cerebral cortex)?

A
  • 1.5-4.5 mm
74
Q

In most areas of the pallium, what is thicker, the gyrus cortex or the sulcus cortex?

A
  • Gyrus cortex
75
Q

What is the total number of neurons in the cerebral cortex?

A
  • 50-60 billion
76
Q

Each neuron of the pallium (cerebral cortex) may synapse with an average of how many other neurons? As high as how many neurons?

A
  • Average: 600

- As high as: 4,000

77
Q

Subdivisions of the pallium (cerebral cortex)

A
  • Neocortex (isocortex)

- Allocortex

78
Q

Subdivision of the pallium (cerebral cortex) which is phylogenetically new and occupies 90% of the total cerebral cortex

A
  • Neocortex (isocortex)
79
Q

Subdivision of the pallium (cerebral cortex) which includes 2 ancient parts that occupies about 10% of the total cerebral cortex area

A
  • Allocortex
80
Q

6 common laminae of the neocortex

A
  • Molecular lamina I
  • External granular lamina II
  • External pyramidal lamina III
  • Internal granular lamina IV
  • Internal pyramidal lamina V
  • Multiform lamina VI
81
Q

Molecular layer (lamina I)

A
  • The outermost lamina and nearest to the pia mater

- Filled with synaptic activity

82
Q

External granular layer (lamina II)

A
  • Small closely packed granular neurons

- Axons extend into deeper lamina of the same cortex area

83
Q

External pyramidal layer (lamina III)

A
  • Small pyramidal-shaped neurons

- Axons extend out of the cortex to the white matter and then returns to the gray matter

84
Q

What are laminae II and III all called?

A
  • Associative lamina

- Best developed in the human brain

85
Q

Internal granular layer (lamina IV)

A
  • Small closely packed cell bodies
  • The specific thalamic inputs arrive here
  • Well developed in sensory areas
86
Q

Internal pyramidal layer (lamina V)

A
  • Large pyramidal-shaped neuron cell bodies here
  • Giant pyramidal (Betz) cells are found here in certain areas
  • Axons “project” to other brain and cord centers from here
87
Q

Multiform layer (lamina VI)

A
  • A mix of incoming and outgoing fibers

- Has a large number of “projection” neurons

88
Q

What are laminae V and VI are sometimes called?

A
  • Projection laminae
89
Q

Loss of power to communicate through writing, speaking or signs

A
  • Aphasia
90
Q

Inability to recognize faces

A
  • Prosopagnosia
91
Q

Functions of the telecephalon typically lateralized to the left

A
  • Speech
  • Linear reasoning
  • Grammar
  • Vocabulary
  • Tool use
92
Q

Functions of the telecephalon typically lateralized to the right

A
  • Spatial manipulations
  • Prosodic language: Facial expressions
  • Intonation
  • Singing
93
Q

Parts of the basal ganglia

A
  • Caudate nucleus
  • Putamen nucleus
  • Globus pallidus (paleostriatum
  • Amygdaloid complex (archistriatum)
94
Q

Where do the caudate nucleus and the putamen nucleus run?

A
  • Neostriatum –> corpus striatum –> basal ganglia
95
Q

Where does the globus pallidus run?

A
  • Corpus striatum –> basal ganglia
96
Q

Where does the amygdaloid complex run?

A
  • Basal ganglia
97
Q

What are the putamen and globus pallidus together called?

A
  • Lenticular nucleus (lentiform)
98
Q

What does striatal lesions of the basal ganglia normally lead to?

A
  • Dyskinesia (muscle tone distubances)
99
Q

What does dyskinesia include?

A
  • Tremors
  • Chorea
  • Hemiballism (ballism)
100
Q

Example of a tremor

A
  • Parkinsonism
101
Q

Chorea

A
  • Results in a brisk series of graceful involuntary movements of extremities, facial muscles, tongue, ect
  • Corpus striatum begins to deteriorate
  • Genetic deficiency of GABA
102
Q

Hemiballism

A
  • More violent movement

- Can also occur from lesions in the globus pallidus

103
Q

Parts of the caudate nucleus

A
  • Head
  • Body
  • Tail
104
Q

What is the head region of the caudate nucleus continuous with?

A
  • Putamen nucleus by gray matter bridges
105
Q

Afferent fibers synapse in the caudate from where?

A
  • All lobes of the cortex, thalamus, substantia nigra, and putamen
106
Q

Efferent output fibers extends from the caudate to where?

A
  • Putamen, globus pallidus, substantia nigra and the thalamus
107
Q

Most lateral of the corpus striatal nuclei

A
  • Putamen nucleus (neostriatum)
108
Q

Afferent fibers synapse in the putamen from where?

A
  • Same as caudate

- Caudate also sends fibers to the putamen

109
Q

Efferent fibers extends from the putamen from where?

A
  • Same as caudate
110
Q

Parts of the lenticular nucleus

A
  • Globus pallidus nucleus

- Putamen nucleus

111
Q

Separates the globus pallidus into medial and lateral segments

A
  • Medial medually lamina
112
Q

Separates the lateral part of the globus pallidus from the putamen

A
  • Lateral medullary lamina
113
Q

Cell appearance of the globus pallidus

A
  • Much different than from the caudate and putamen
114
Q

Afferents (also called pallidal fibers) include axons from the:

A
  • Caudate nucleus
  • Putamen nucleus
  • Subthalamic nucleus
115
Q

Efferent (often called pallidalfugal fibers) represents what?

A
  • The primary efferent outflow from the corpus striatum
116
Q

What does the basal ganglia play a key role in?

A
  • The extrapyramidal system

- Some would call it a pre-upper motor influence

117
Q

Name given to the collective white matter of the telecephalon

A
  • Centrum semiovale
118
Q

Fiber types in the white matter of the telencephalon

A
  • Projection axons
  • Commissural axons
  • Association axon bundles (fasciculi)
119
Q

Where do most projection axons of the telencephalon travel in?

A
  • Corona radiata

- Internal capsule

120
Q

Where are commissural axons of the telecephalon found?

A
  • In the corpus callosum
121
Q

Parts of the corpus callosum

A
  • Splenium
  • Body
  • Genu
  • Rostrum
  • Forceps anticus
  • Forceps posticus
  • Tapetum
122
Q

Lesions and surgery on the corpus callosum

A
  • Alien hand syndrome

- Extreme seizures

123
Q

The most abundant part of the white matter in the telecephalon

A
  • Association axon bundles (fasciculi)
124
Q

Types of the association axon bundles (fasciculi)

A
  • Short fibers

- Long fibers

125
Q

Association axon bundles that connects adjacent or near gyri, just inward from the gray cortex

A
  • Short fibers
126
Q

Association axon bundles that connects distal parts of the same hemisphere

A
  • Long fibers
127
Q

Dementia pugilistica

A
  • Repeated head trauma
  • Diffuse damage involving cerebellum and corpus callosum
  • Increase ventricular size

CNS (3 decks)

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