Unit 7 Flashcards
Turkification:
Policy aimed at promoting Turkish culture and identity.
Bolshevik:
Member of the radical wing of the Russian Social Democratic Party.
Communists:
Advocates for the establishment of a classless society.
Young Turks:
Political reform movement in the early 20th century Ottoman Empire.
Mexican Revolution:
Decade-long armed struggle for social and political change in Mexico.
Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI):
Dominant political party in Mexico for most of the 20th century.
Sun Yat-sen:
Chinese revolutionary and first president of the Republic of China.
Kemal Ataturk:
Founding father of the Republic of Turkey.
Porfirio Diaz:
President of Mexico known for his dictatorial rule.
Francisco Madero:
Leader of the Mexican Revolution and President of Mexico.
Francisco “Pancho” Villa:
Prominent Mexican Revolutionary general.
Emiliano Zapata:
Leader of the agrarian movement during the Mexican Revolution.
The Great War:
Alternative name for World War I.
Gavrilo Princip:
Assassin of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, triggering World War I.
Archduke Franz Ferdinand:
Heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne whose assassination sparked WWI.
Triple Entente:
Alliance between Britain, France, and Russia before WWI.
Triple Alliance:
Pre-WWI alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy.
Central Powers:
WWI coalition including Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire.
Black Hand (Serbia):
Secret society responsible for the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.
Militarism:
Policy of glorifying military power and maintaining a strong military.
Self-determination:
Right of a people to decide their own political status.
Conscription:
Mandatory enlistment for military service.
Stalemate:
Situation in which neither side in a conflict can make significant gains.
Propaganda:
Information, often biased or misleading, used to promote a particular political cause.
Reparations:
Payments made by defeated countries to compensate for war damages.
Lusitania:
British passenger ship sunk by a German U-boat during WWI.
Zimmerman Telegram:
German proposal to Mexico to join WWI against the United States.
Total war:
Warfare that involves all aspects of society and economy.
ANZAC:
Australian and New Zealand Army Corps.
Gallipoli Campaign (battle):
WWI campaign fought on the Gallipoli Peninsula.
Paris Peace Conference:
Meeting to establish peace terms after WWI.
The Big Four:
Leaders of the major Allied powers at the Paris Peace Conference.
Woodrow Wilson:
President of the United States during WWI and creator of the Fourteen Points.
David Lloyd George:
British Prime Minister during WWI.
Georges Clemenceau:
French Prime Minister during WWI.
Vittorio Orlando:
Italian Prime Minister during WWI.
Fourteen Points:
Woodrow Wilson’s plan for peace after WWI.
League of Nations:
International organization established after WWI to promote peace.
Treaty of Versailles:
Peace treaty that ended WWI.
Weimar Republic:
Democratic government established in Germany after WWI.
Trench warfare:
Military strategy involving fighting from trenches.
U-boat:
German submarine used during WWI and WWII.
Deficit spending:
Government spending in excess of revenue.
John Maynard Keynes:
Economist known for his ideas on government intervention in the economy.
Collectivize:
To bring under collective ownership or control.
Kolkhoz:
Soviet collective farm.
Great Depression:
Severe economic downturn in the 1930s.
New Deal:
Series of programs and policies implemented by FDR to combat the Great Depression.
New Economic Plan (NEP):
Soviet economic policy of the 1920s.
Five-Year Plan:
Soviet economic plans aimed at rapid industrialization.
Russian Civil War:
Conflict fought between the Red Army and the White Army.
Spanish Civil War:
Conflict between Republicans and Nationalists in Spain.
Politburo:
Central policymaking and governing body of the Communist Party.
Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI):
Dominant political party in Mexico for most of the 20th century.
Fascism:
Authoritarian ultranationalism characterized by dictatorial power.
Totalitarian state:
Government with total control over all aspects of public and private life.
Popular Front:
Coalition of leftist parties against fascism.
Nationalists (Spain):
Faction in the Spanish Civil War led by Francisco Franco.
Republicans/Loyalists (Spain):
Faction in the Spanish Civil War opposed to Franco’s Nationalists.
Luftwaffe:
German Air Force during WWII.
Soviet Union/Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R):
Communist state in Eurasia.
Italian Somaliland:
Former Italian colony in East Africa.
Spanish Republic:
Government of Spain before the Spanish Civil War.
Hypernationalism:
Extreme nationalism.
Franklin Delano Roosevelt:
President of the United States during the Great Depression and WWII.
Francisco Franco:
Dictator of Spain from 1939 until his death in 1975
Gulag:
System of forced labor camps in the Soviet Union.
PEMEX:
Mexican state-owned petroleum company.
Decolonization:
Process of undoing colonialism.
Mandate system:
League of Nations system for administering former Ottoman territories.
Balfour Declaration:
British statement supporting the establishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine.
Civil disobedience:
Nonviolent resistance to unjust laws.
Big Three:
Allied leaders during WWII - Roosevelt, Churchill, Stalin.
Mohandas Gandhi:
Leader of the Indian independence movement.
Muhammad Ali Jinnah:
Founder of Pakistan.
Jawaharlal Nehru:
First Prime Minister of independent India.
Mao Zedong:
Founding father of the People’s Republic of China.
Chiang Kai-shek:
Leader of the Nationalist government in China.
Pan-Arabism:
Movement promoting unity among Arab peoples.
Indian National Congress:
Political party that led the Indian independence movement.
Satyagraha (devotion-to-truth) movement:
Nonviolent resistance movement led by Gandhi.
Salt March:
Nonviolent protest against British salt tax led by Gandhi.
March Fist Movement:
Chinese anti-imperialist and anti-feudalism movement.
May Fourth Movement:
Chinese cultural and political movement.
Chinese Communist Party (CCP):
Ruling party of China, led by Mao Zedong.
Long March:
Retreat of the CCP during the Chinese Civil War.
Palestine:
Region in the Middle East with significant geopolitical significance.
Pakistan:
South Asian country established in 1947.
Amritsar Massacre:
Mass killing of unarmed Indian civilians by British troops in 1919.
Manchukuo:
Puppet state in Northeast China controlled by Japan.
Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere:
Japanese imperialist concept during WWII.
Mahatma:
Honorific title for Gandhi, meaning “great soul”.
Jomo Kenyatta:
First President of Kenya.
Leopold Sedar Senghor:
First President of Senegal.
Adolf Hitler:
Leader of the Nazi Party and Chancellor of Germany.
Neville Chamberlain:
British Prime Minister known for his policy of appeasement.
Sudetenland:
Region of Czechoslovakia claimed by Germany.
Nuremberg Laws:
Anti-Semitic laws in Nazi Germany.
Anschluss:
Annexation of Austria into Nazi Germany.
Munich Agreement:
Pact between Britain, France, Germany, and Italy allowing Germany to annex Sudetenland.
Rome-Berlin Axis:
Alliance between Italy and Germany during WWII.
Anti-Comintern Pact:
Agreement between Germany and Japan against the Comintern.
Axis Powers:
WWII coalition including Germany, Italy, and Japan.
German-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact:
Pact between Germany and the Soviet Union before WWII.
Nazis:
Members of the National Socialist German Workers’ Party.
Third Reich:
Nazi regime under Hitler, 1933-1945.
Appeasement:
Policy of making concessions to avoid conflict.
Lend-Lease Act:
U.S. program providing aid to Allied nations during WWII.
Battle of Britain:
WWII aerial battle between the Royal Air Force and the Luftwaffe.
Siege of Leningrad:
Prolonged military blockade by German and Finnish forces during WWII.
Pearl Harbor:
Japanese attack on the U.S. naval base in Hawaii, December 7, 1941.
Battle of Stalingrad:
Major WWII battle between German and Soviet forces.
Battle of the Coral Sea:
Naval battle fought in the Pacific Theater of WWII.
Battle of Midway Island:
Turning point naval battle in the Pacific Theater of WWII.
Guadalcanal:
Major WWII battle in the Pacific Theater.
Island-hopping:
Military strategy employed by Allied forces in the Pacific Theater.
D-Day:
Allied invasion of Normandy on June 6, 1944.
Battle of the Bulge:
Major WWII battle in the Ardennes region of Belgium.
V-E Day:
Victory in Europe Day, marking the end of WWII in Europe.
Hiroshima:
Japanese city where the first atomic bomb was dropped by the U.S. in WWII.
Nagasaki:
Japanese city where the second atomic bomb was dropped by the U.S. in WWII.
V-J Day:
Victory over Japan Day, marking the end of WWII.
Nonaggression Pact (WWII):
Agreement between Germany and the Soviet Union not to attack each other.
Atlantic Charter:
Joint declaration issued by Roosevelt and Churchill in 1941 outlining their goals for the post-war world.
Winston Churchill:
Prime Minister of the United Kingdom during WWII.
Douglas MacArthur:
American general who commanded Allied forces in the Pacific Theater during WWII.
Blitzkrieg:
Lightning warfare, a military strategy employed by Germany in WWII.
Aircraft carrier:
Warship designed to carry and launch aircraft.
Armistice Day:
November 11, 1918, marking the end of WWI.
Bombing of Dresden:
WWII bombing raid by Allied forces on the German city of Dresden.
Genocide:
Deliberate extermination of a national, racial, political, or cultural group.
Armenians:
Ethnic group targeted for genocide by the Ottoman Empire during WWI.
Tutsis:
Ethnic group targeted for genocide in Rwanda in 1994.
Hutus:
Ethnic group involved in the genocide of Tutsis in Rwanda.
Balkanization:
Process of fragmentation or division of a region into smaller regions.
Omar al-Bashir:
Former President of Sudan indicted for genocide and crimes against humanity.
The Lost Generation:
Term referring to the generation of writers who came of age during WWI.
