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Bio 322 > Unit 7 > Flashcards

Unit 7 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what do eukaryotic cells contain?

A

organelles
- nucleus
- mitochondria
- GA
- ER
- chloroplasts

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2
Q

what are eukaryotic cells bc of endosymbiosis?

A

genetic chimera

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3
Q

what are the two energy producing organelles?

A

mitochondria and chloroplasts

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4
Q

what are mitochondria ancestors of?

A

respiratory bacteria

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5
Q

what are chloroplasts ancestors of?

A

phototrophic bacteria

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6
Q

where did mitochondria and chloroplasts get their own DNA from?

A

bacteria

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7
Q

what is the endosymbiosis hypothesis?

A
  • established residence inside another cell type
  • host cell was safe and stable
  • M and C gave host cell ATP
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8
Q

what is the support for the endosymbiotic hypothesis?

A
  • mito and chloro have own DNA
  • eukaryotic nucleus have genes from Bacteria
  • organellar ribosomes and phylogeny
  • antibiotic specificity
  • hydrogenosomes
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9
Q

mitochondria and chloroplasts contain DNA

A
  • proteins are encoded by nuclear DNA
  • molecules encoded by organelles genes: respiratory chain proteins (mito), photosynthetic apparatus proteins (chloro), r RNA/ t RNA
  • circular, covalently closed genome (prokaryotic feature)
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10
Q

eukaryotic nucleus contains genes from B

A
  • ancestor of mito (chloro) had the genes
  • engulfed cells showed up (intake of bacterial cells)
  • genes transferred to host nucleus during transition
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11
Q

organellar ribosomes and phylogeny

A
  • 70S ribosomes (bacterial feature)
  • cytosolic ribosomes in eukaryotic cell are 80S
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12
Q

antibiotic specificity

A
  • antibiotic kill or inhibit B by interrupting 70S ribosome protein synthesis functions
  • same antibiotics also inhibit protein synthesis in mito anc chloro
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13
Q

hydrogenosomes

A
  • membrane enclosed organelles
  • own DNA and ribosomes
  • in certain amitochondriate eukaryotic anaerobes
  • phylogenetic analyses of hydrogenosome r RNA show connected to B phylogenetically
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14
Q

primary endosymbiosis

A

gave rise to chloroplast in common ancestor of green algae, red algae, plants
- mito
- chloro
- hydrogenosomes
- organelles from B

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15
Q

common ancestor + chloroplasts = ?

A

green algae, red algae, plants

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16
Q

secondary endosymbiosis

A

red and green algae
- cells engulfed: new cell became phototrophis
- chloroplasts stably retained
- euglenids
- chlorarachniophytes

17
Q

what is the presence of chloroplasts explained through?

A

secondary symbiotic event in green algae

18
Q

phylogenetic lineages of eukarya

A
  • eukarya closer to A than B
  • 18S r RNA (unreliable)
19
Q

microbial eukaryotes contain ??

A

either mitochondria or hydrogenosomes or some DNA traces of these structures

20
Q

what did mitochondrion or similar strucutre do?

A

gave new metabolic capabilities to early eukaryotic cell triggering evolutionary branching of eukaryotic microogranisms

21
Q

what was the primary endosymbiotic event triggered by?

A

O2 accumulation after cyanobacterial photosynthesis

22
Q

what are the 2 clear points in evolution of eukaryotic microbes?

A
  1. composite phylogenetic tree should be created for microbial evolution based on 18S r RNA and other genes
  2. primary eukaryotes acquired mitochondria- key evolutionary success of domain Eukaryotes
23
Q

what are the 7 groups of microbial eukaryotes protists?

A
  • diplomonads
  • parabasalids
  • euglenozoans
  • alveolates
  • stramenopiles
  • cercozoans and radiolarians
  • amoebozoa
24
Q

diplomonads

A
  • 2 nuclei of equal sizes
  • mitosomes (reduced mito with ETC)
  • no genes for many metabolic pathways
25
Q

parabasalids

A
  • parabasal body (structural support to GA complex)
  • no mito
  • hydrogenosomes present
  • lack introns
26
Q

trichomonas vaginalis

A
  • parabasalids
  • STD
27
Q

euglenozoans

A
  • unicellular, flagellated protists
  • kinetoplastids
  • euglenids
28
Q

kinetoplastids

A

mass of DNA in single, large mitochondrion

29
Q

euglenids

A
  • 2 flagella and chloroplast
  • feed on bacteria via phagocytosis (process of surrounding a particle with portion of flexible cytoplasmic membrane to engulf particle and bring it into cell for digestion)
  • chloroplasts that support phototrophic growth
  • in dark lose chloroplasts and live as chemoogranotrophs
30
Q

alveolates

A

cytoplasmic sacs located under cytoplasmic membrane - alveoli
- alveoli help maintain osmotic balance by controlling water influx and efflux

31
Q

types of alveolates

A

ciliates - paramecium
dinoflagellates - “red tides” in polluted coastal zones, blooming
apicomplexans - plasmodium species-malaria, toxoplasma, structures for sporozites for transmission of parasite to new host

32
Q

types of stramenopiles

A
  • have flagellum
    diatoms
    oomycetes
    golden and brown algae
33
Q

diatoms

A

unicellular, phototrophic, microbial eukaryotes
major components of planktonic microbial community in marine and fresh water

34
Q

oomycetes

A

water molds

35
Q

golden and brown algae

A

gold- chrysophytes
brown - not microbes

36
Q

cercozoans

A

foraminiferans
- exclusively marine and form shell-like structures

37
Q

amoebozoa

A
  • lobe-shaped pseudopodia for movement and feeding
  • gymnamoebas- free-living protists in aquatic and soil
  • entamoebas- parasites for vertebrates and invertebrates
38
Q

fungi

A
  • large, diverse and widespread
  • yeasts, mushrooms, molds
  • 100,000
  • phylogenetic cluster distinct from protists
  • microbial group most closely related to animals
  • in soil or dead plant matter
  • role in mineralization of organic carbon
  • plant pathogens
  • some diseases
  • establish symbiotic associations with plants - facilitate acquisition of mineral from soil
  • benefit humans through fermentation and making of antibiotics
39
Q

very small green algae and colonial green algae

A

volvox
- flagellated cells
- some motile
- photosynthesis or repro

Bio 322 (11 decks)

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