Unit 7 Flashcards
Define phenotype. (2)
- Expression of genetic constitution of an organism/genotype;
- And its interaction with the environment;
If a gene is sex-linked on the X chromosome, why is the phenotype more common in XY organisms? (2)
1. Males have one allele; Accept males only need one allele.
2. Females need two recessive alleles
Mutation is one cause of genetic variation in organisms. Give two other causes of genetic variation.(2)
1. Crossing over;
2. Independent segregation/assortment (of homologous chromosomes);
3. Random fertilisation;
In genetic crosses, the observed phenotypic ratios obtained in the offspring are often not the same as the expected ratios. Suggest two reasons why. (2)
1. Small sample size;
2. Fusion/fertilisation of gametes is random;
3. Linked Genes;
4. Epistasis;
5. Lethal genotypes;
Name the relationship between two alleles when both alleles appear in the phenotype (1)
Co-dominance
Name the type of gene interaction when one gene affected the expression of another (1)
Epistasis
Explain what it means when two genes are linked (1)
On the same chromosome
Which statistical test could the scientist use to determine whether his observed results were significantly different from the expected categoric results? (1)
Chi squared test
Define gene pool. (1)
All the alleles in a population;
Define species (1)
(Organisms that) can breed together / interbreed and produce fertile offspring;
The conditions under which the
Hardy-Weinberg Principle applies (5)
- No mutations (arise);
- Random mating;
- Large population;
- Population is isolated / no flow of alleles into or out of population;
- No selection / all alleles equally likely to be passed on to next generation;
What are the two equations used in the Hardy−Weinberg equation (2)
- p + q = 1
- p^2 + q^2 = 2pq = 1
Describe allopatric speciation (5)
1. Geographical isolation;
2. Reproductive separation/isolation OR
No gene flow OR
Gene pools remain separate;
Accept no interbreeding but must be a separate idea from mp5 which relates to definition of a species.
Reject no inbreeding.
3. Different selection pressures;
4. Variation due to mutations;
5. Different allele/s passed on/selected OR Change in frequency of allele/s;
6. Eventually different species cannot (inter)breed to produce fertile offspring;
Why does speciation take a long time? (3)
- Initially one/few animals with favourable mutation/allele;
- Individuals with (favourable) mutation/allele will have more offspring;
- Takes many generations for (favourable) mutation/allele to become the most common allele (of this gene);
Describe sympatric speciation (4)
1. Not geographically isolated;
2. mutation causes reproductive isolation
- Gene pools kept separate/no gene flow;
4. Different allele/s passed on / selected OR Change in frequency of allele/s
5. Cannot breed/mate to produce fertile offspring;