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AP Human Geography > Unit 7 > Flashcards

Unit 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

Growth pole

A

an urban area, where due to pull factors, like an company moves in, other businesses start to rise because of economic growth.

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2
Q

Agglomeration

A

The tendency of businesses in the same industry to cluster in the same area

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3
Q

Break of Bulk Point

A

Location where it is more economical to break raw materials into smaller units before shipping them further.

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4
Q

Commodity dependence

A

An economy that relies on the export of primary commodities for a large share of its export earnings and hence economic growth

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5
Q

Bulk gaining industry

A

An industry where the product gains volume or weight than the material its made of. It is sold closer to where the market for the product that it is selling is at. Examples include cars, packaged food

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6
Q

Bulk reducing industry

A

An industry in which the final product weighs less and is located closer to the inputs. Examples include mining, smelting, refining.

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7
Q

comparative advantage

A

the ability to produce a good at an efficient rate than another producer or country

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8
Q

Complementarity

A

The relationship between two countries, where the both have an industry that benefits them both

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9
Q

cottage industry

A

Manufacturing based in homes, commonly found in preindustrial Revolution.

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10
Q

Deindustrialization

A

decline in industrial activity in a region or economy.

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11
Q

Ecotourism

A

tourism directed toward exotic, often threatened, natural environments, especially to support conservation efforts and observe wildlife.

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12
Q

Equity

A

The values of shares given by the company.

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13
Q

export processing zones (EPZs)

A

areas within developing countries that offer incentives and a barrier free environment to promote economic growth by attracting foreign investment for export oriented production.

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14
Q

Footloose industry

A

an industry that can be placed and located at any location without effect from factors such as resources or transport.

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15
Q

Fordist production

A

Form of mass production in which each worker is assigned one specific task to perform repeatedly.

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16
Q

Formal Economy

A

Refers to all economic activities operating within the official legal framework that are paying taxes on all generated incomes.

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17
Q

Gender Inequality Index (GII)

A

An indicator constructed by the U.N. to measure the extent of each country’s gender inequality in terms of reproductive health, empowerment, and the labor market.

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18
Q

gender parity

A

a policy by which women have to make up either a certain number of the candidates in an election or a certain number of those elected

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19
Q

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

A

A measurement of the total goods and services produced within a country.

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20
Q

Gross National Income (GNI)

A

The value of the output of goods and services produced in a country in a year, including money that leaves and enters the country

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21
Q

Gross National Product (GNP)

A

The total value of goods and services, including income received from abroad, produced by the residents of a country within a specific time period, usually one year.

22
Q

Human Development Index (HDI)

A

Indicator of level of development for each country, constructed by United Nations, combining income, literacy, education, and life expectancy

23
Q

Industrialization

A

The process in which the interaction of social and economic factors causes the development of manufacturing and businesses on a wide scale.

24
Q

informal economy

A

Economic activity that is neither taxed nor monitored by a government; and is not included in that government’s Gross National Product; as opposed to a formal economy

25
Q

Interdependence

A

A relationship between countries in which they rely on one another for resources, goods, or services

26
Q

international division of labor

A

The process where the assembling procedures for a product are spread out through different parts of the world

27
Q

Just in time delivery

A

Shipment of parts and materials to arrive at a factory moments before they are needed

28
Q

Labor intensive industry

A

An industry for which labor costs comprise a high percentage of total expenses.

29
Q

Least Cost Theory

A

Model developed by Alfred Weber according to which the location of manufacturing establishments is determined by the minimization of three critical expenses: labor, transportation, and agglomeration.

30
Q

Mass Consumption

A

a large number of people purchasing large quantities of goods

31
Q

Microloan

A

a very small, short term loan often associated with entrepreneurs in developing countries

32
Q

multiplier effect

A

The economic effect in which a change creates a larger change, such as when a new manufacturing plant grows the economy by giving rise to more related jobs and services.

33
Q

Neoliberal

A

A strategy for economic development that calls for free markets, balanced budgets, privatization, free trade, and minimal government intervention in the economy.

34
Q

Outsourcing

A

When jobs, industry, or parts of the commodity are sent to other countries to save money, such as how many things are produced in China

35
Q

per capita

A

for each person; in relation to people taken individually.

36
Q

Post Fordist Production

A

System focused on small-scale batch production for a specialized market and flexibility that allows for a quick response to changes in the market.

37
Q

Primary Sector

A

The portion of the economy concerned with the direct extraction of materials from Earth’s surface, generally through agriculture, although sometimes by mining, fishing, and forestry.

38
Q

Quaternary Sector

A

Service sector industries concerned with the collection, processing, and manipulation of information, and capital. Examples include finance, administration, insurance, and legal services.

39
Q

Quinary Sector

A

Economic sector that involves the very top leaders and decision makers in government, business, etc.

40
Q

raw materials

A

the basic material from which a product is made.

41
Q

renewable energy

A

A resource that has a theoretically unlimited supply and is not depleted when used by humans.

42
Q

Secondary Sector

A

The portion of the economy concerned with manufacturing useful products through processing, transforming, and assembling raw materials.

43
Q

social measures of development

A

access to health care, education, general determinants like security, freedom, and opportunities

44
Q

Special Economic Zones

A

An area within a country that offers more favorable economic regulations such as tax benefits or no tariffs to attract foreign businesses.

45
Q

standard of living

A

Quality of life based on ownership of necessities and luxuries that make life easier.

46
Q

Tariffs

A

Taxes on imports or exports

47
Q

Tertiary Sector

A

Economic sector that includes a host of activities that involve the transport, storage, marketing, and selling of goods or services; also called the service sector.

48
Q

trading blocs (common markets)

A

organizations of nations that remove barriers to trade among their members and that establish uniform barriers to trade with nonmember nations

49
Q

UN’s sustainable development goals

A

the blueprint to achieve a better and more sustainable future for all. They address the global challenges we face, including those related to poverty, inequality, climate change, environmental degradation, peace and justice

50
Q

Vertical Integration

A

the combination in one company of two or more stages of production normally operated by separate companies.

AP Human Geography (1 decks)

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