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AP Psych > Unit 7 > Flashcards

Unit 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

Motivation

A

A need or desire that energizes and directs behavior

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2
Q

Incentive

A

A positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior

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3
Q

Instinctive theory

A

Evolutionary psychology states that behavior is motivated by instinct, a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned

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4
Q

Drive-reduction theory

A

Explains our motivation to reduce arousal by meeting basic needs, such as hunger or thirst

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5
Q

Arousal theory

A

Too little or too much stimulation can motivate people to find an optimum state of arousal

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6
Q

Hierarchy of needs

A

Incorporates the idea that we have various levels of needs, including lower level physiological and safety needs, and higher level social, self-esteem, actualization, and meaning needs.

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7
Q

Abraham Maslow

A

Created hierarchy of needs

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8
Q

Yerkes- Dodson law

A

increased levels of arousal will improve performance but only until the optimal levels is reached, then performance begins to suffer

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9
Q

Homeostasis

A

constant, balanced internal state

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10
Q

Emotion

A

response of the whole organism, involving (1) physiological arousal, (2) expressive behaviors, and (3) conscious experience

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11
Q

James-Lange theory

A

physiological change first then label emotion

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12
Q

Cannon-Bard theory

A

Psychological happens at the same time as emotions

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13
Q

Two- factor theory

A

Context impacts how you label it. (1) physically aroused (2) cognitive label arousal. Something happens then look for context to label emotion

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14
Q

Spillover effect

A

Arousal spilling over from one event to the next

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15
Q

Facial feedback Effect

A

states that facial movement can influence our emotional state

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16
Q

Stress

A

The process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging

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17
Q

General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

A

Selye’s concept of the body’s adaptive response to stress in 3 phases (alarm, resistance, exhaustion)

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18
Q

Tend and befriend response

A

Under stress people (especially women) often provide support to others (tend) and bond with and seek support from others (befriend)

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19
Q

Type A personality

A

personality type that describes people who are competitive, driven hostile and ambitious

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20
Q

Type B personality

A

Personality characterized by relatively relaxed, patient, easygoing, amicable behavior

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21
Q

Psychophysiological illness

A

literally “mind-body” illness; any stress-related physical illness, such as hypertension and some headaches

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22
Q

Coronary Heart Disease

A

Type A personality more susceptible

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23
Q

Lymphocytes

A

A type of white blood cell that make antibodies to fight off infections

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24
Q

Personality

A

An individual’s characteristic of thinking, feeling and acting

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25
Q

Psychoanalysis

A

Freud’s theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions

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26
Q

Sigmund Freud

A

founder of psychoanalysis

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27
Q

Free Association

A

In psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing

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28
Q

Unconscious

A

According to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware.

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29
Q

Id

A

Devil, impulse strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive needs

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30
Q

Ego

A

The reality check that balances the conflicting demands of the id and superego.

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31
Q

Superego

A

Angle represents internalized ideals

32
Q

Psychosexual stage: oral

A

pleasure to the mouth.

33
Q

Psychosexual stage: Anal

A

pleasure focuses on the bladder.

34
Q

Psychosexual stage: Pallic

A

(3-6 years) pleasure zone is the genitals;coping with incestuous sexual feelings

35
Q

Psychosexual stage: Latency

A

(6 to puberty) a phase of dormant sexual feelings

36
Q

Psychosexual stage: Genital

A

(puberty on) maturation of sexual interests

37
Q

Oedipus Complex

A

According to Freud, a boy’s sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father.

38
Q

Identification

A

The process by which children incorporate their parents values into their developing superego

39
Q

Fixation

A

according to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved

40
Q

Defense Mechanisms

A

In psychoanalytic theory, the ego’s protective methods of reducing anxiety arousing thoughts, feelings and memories.

41
Q

Defense Mechanism: repression

A

in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories.

42
Q

Defense Mechanism: denial

A

refusing to believe or even perceive painful realities

43
Q

Defense Mechanism: regression

A

acting like your younger self who is still hung up on some part of Freuds pyschosexual stages

44
Q

Defense Mechanism: displacement

A

Shifting sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person

45
Q

Defense Mechanism: sublimation

A

transferring of unacceptable impulses into socially valued motives

46
Q

Defense Mechanism: reaction formation

A

switching unacceptable impulses to their opposites

47
Q

Defense Mechanism: projection

A

disguising one’s own threatening impulses by attributing them to others

48
Q

Defense Mechanism: rationalization

A

offering self justifying explanations in place of the real more threatening unconscious reasons for one’s actions

49
Q

Psychodynamic Thinkers

A

modern-day approaches that view personality with a focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences

50
Q

Collective Unconscious (Carl Jung)

A

concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species history

51
Q

Inferiority Complex (Alfed Adler)

A

we overcome the conscious feelings of inferiority we had in childhood

52
Q

Projective Test

A

A personality test that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one’s inner dynamics

53
Q

Thematic Apperception Test

A

A projective test in which people express through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes

54
Q

Rorschach Inkblot Test

A

The most widely used projective test, a set of two inkblots, designed by Herman Roach. Seeks to identity peoples inner feeling by analyzing their interpretations of the blots

55
Q

False Consensus Effect

A

The tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs

56
Q

Humanistic Theories

A

Theories that view personality with a focus on the potential for healthy personal growth.

57
Q

Abraham Maslow

A

created hierarchy of needs

58
Q

Self-Actualization

A

One of the ultimate psychological needs that arise after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one’s potential.

59
Q

Carl Rogers

A

growth promoting climate, genuineness, acceptance and empathy. unconditional positive regard

60
Q

Unconditional Positive Regard

A

An attitude of total acceptance toward another person

61
Q

Self-Concept

A

All our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question “Who am I?”

62
Q

Trait

A

A characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, as asserted by self report inventories and peer reports

63
Q

Factor Analysis

A

Statistical procedure that identifies correlated clusters of behaviors that reflect a basic factor

64
Q

Personality Inventories

A

A questionnaire (often with true-false or agree-disagree items) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits

65
Q

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

A

Most widely clinically used to identify emotional disorders. Help Identify traits that have to do with personality

66
Q

Myers-Briggs Inventory

A

Attempt to sort people according to Carl Jung personality types based in question responses

67
Q

Empirically Derived

A

A test developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups

68
Q

The Big Five

A

Conscientiousness, Agreeableness, Neuroticism, Openness, Extraversion

69
Q

Social-Cognitive Theory

A

views behavior as influenced by the interaction between peoples traits (including their thinking) and their social context

70
Q

Behavioral Approach

A

In personality theory, this perspective focuses on the effects of learning on our personality development

71
Q

Reciprocal Determinism

A

The interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment

72
Q

Spotlight Effect

A

overestimating others noticing and evaluating our appearance performance, and blunders. In reality, few people than we think notice us

73
Q

Self-Efficacy

A

One’s sense of competence and effectiveness

74
Q

Self-Serving Bias

A

people accept more responsibility for good things than for bad, successes than failures. Most people see themselves better than average

75
Q

Individualism

A

A social theory favoring freedom of action for individuals over collective or state control

76
Q

Collectivism

A

Giving priority to the goals of one’s group (often one’s extended family or work group and defining one’s identity accordingly

AP Psych (1 decks)

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