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AP Psych > Unit 7 > Flashcards

Unit 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Motivation

A

A need or desire that energizes and directs behavior

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2
Q

Incentive

A

A positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior

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3
Q

Instinctive theory

A

Evolutionary psychology states that behavior is motivated by instinct, a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned

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4
Q

Drive-reduction theory

A

Explains our motivation to reduce arousal by meeting basic needs, such as hunger or thirst

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5
Q

Arousal theory

A

Too little or too much stimulation can motivate people to find an optimum state of arousal

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6
Q

Hierarchy of needs

A

Incorporates the idea that we have various levels of needs, including lower level physiological and safety needs, and higher level social, self-esteem, actualization, and meaning needs.

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7
Q

Abraham Maslow

A

Created hierarchy of needs

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8
Q

Yerkes- Dodson law

A

increased levels of arousal will improve performance but only until the optimal levels is reached, then performance begins to suffer

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9
Q

Homeostasis

A

constant, balanced internal state

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10
Q

Emotion

A

response of the whole organism, involving (1) physiological arousal, (2) expressive behaviors, and (3) conscious experience

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11
Q

James-Lange theory

A

physiological change first then label emotion

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12
Q

Cannon-Bard theory

A

Psychological happens at the same time as emotions

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13
Q

Two- factor theory

A

Context impacts how you label it. (1) physically aroused (2) cognitive label arousal. Something happens then look for context to label emotion

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14
Q

Spillover effect

A

Arousal spilling over from one event to the next

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15
Q

Facial feedback Effect

A

states that facial movement can influence our emotional state

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16
Q

Stress

A

The process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging

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17
Q

General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

A

Selye’s concept of the body’s adaptive response to stress in 3 phases (alarm, resistance, exhaustion)

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18
Q

Tend and befriend response

A

Under stress people (especially women) often provide support to others (tend) and bond with and seek support from others (befriend)

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19
Q

Type A personality

A

personality type that describes people who are competitive, driven hostile and ambitious

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20
Q

Type B personality

A

Personality characterized by relatively relaxed, patient, easygoing, amicable behavior

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21
Q

Psychophysiological illness

A

literally “mind-body” illness; any stress-related physical illness, such as hypertension and some headaches

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22
Q

Coronary Heart Disease

A

Type A personality more susceptible

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23
Q

Lymphocytes

A

A type of white blood cell that make antibodies to fight off infections

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24
Q

Personality

A

An individual’s characteristic of thinking, feeling and acting

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25
Psychoanalysis
Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions
26
Sigmund Freud
founder of psychoanalysis
27
Free Association
In psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing
28
Unconscious
According to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware.
29
Id
Devil, impulse strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive needs
30
Ego
The reality check that balances the conflicting demands of the id and superego.
31
Superego
Angle represents internalized ideals
32
Psychosexual stage: oral
pleasure to the mouth.
33
Psychosexual stage: Anal
pleasure focuses on the bladder.
34
Psychosexual stage: Pallic
(3-6 years) pleasure zone is the genitals;coping with incestuous sexual feelings
35
Psychosexual stage: Latency
(6 to puberty) a phase of dormant sexual feelings
36
Psychosexual stage: Genital
(puberty on) maturation of sexual interests
37
Oedipus Complex
According to Freud, a boy’s sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father.
38
Identification
The process by which children incorporate their parents values into their developing superego
39
Fixation
according to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved
40
Defense Mechanisms
In psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety arousing thoughts, feelings and memories.
41
Defense Mechanism: repression
in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories.
42
Defense Mechanism: denial
refusing to believe or even perceive painful realities
43
Defense Mechanism: regression
acting like your younger self who is still hung up on some part of Freuds pyschosexual stages
44
Defense Mechanism: displacement
Shifting sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person
45
Defense Mechanism: sublimation
transferring of unacceptable impulses into socially valued motives
46
Defense Mechanism: reaction formation
switching unacceptable impulses to their opposites
47
Defense Mechanism: projection
disguising one's own threatening impulses by attributing them to others
48
Defense Mechanism: rationalization
offering self justifying explanations in place of the real more threatening unconscious reasons for one's actions
49
Psychodynamic Thinkers
modern-day approaches that view personality with a focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences
50
Collective Unconscious (Carl Jung)
concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species history
51
Inferiority Complex (Alfed Adler)
we overcome the conscious feelings of inferiority we had in childhood
52
Projective Test
A personality test that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics
53
Thematic Apperception Test
A projective test in which people express through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes
54
Rorschach Inkblot Test
The most widely used projective test, a set of two inkblots, designed by Herman Roach. Seeks to identity peoples inner feeling by analyzing their interpretations of the blots
55
False Consensus Effect
The tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs
56
Humanistic Theories
Theories that view personality with a focus on the potential for healthy personal growth.
57
Abraham Maslow
created hierarchy of needs
58
Self-Actualization
One of the ultimate psychological needs that arise after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one’s potential.
59
Carl Rogers
growth promoting climate, genuineness, acceptance and empathy. unconditional positive regard
60
Unconditional Positive Regard
An attitude of total acceptance toward another person
61
Self-Concept
All our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question “Who am I?”
62
Trait
A characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, as asserted by self report inventories and peer reports
63
Factor Analysis
Statistical procedure that identifies correlated clusters of behaviors that reflect a basic factor
64
Personality Inventories
A questionnaire (often with true-false or agree-disagree items) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits
65
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
Most widely clinically used to identify emotional disorders. Help Identify traits that have to do with personality
66
Myers-Briggs Inventory
Attempt to sort people according to Carl Jung personality types based in question responses
67
Empirically Derived
A test developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups
68
The Big Five
Conscientiousness, Agreeableness, Neuroticism, Openness, Extraversion
69
Social-Cognitive Theory
views behavior as influenced by the interaction between peoples traits (including their thinking) and their social context
70
Behavioral Approach
In personality theory, this perspective focuses on the effects of learning on our personality development
71
Reciprocal Determinism
The interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment
72
Spotlight Effect
overestimating others noticing and evaluating our appearance performance, and blunders. In reality, few people than we think notice us
73
Self-Efficacy
One's sense of competence and effectiveness
74
Self-Serving Bias
people accept more responsibility for good things than for bad, successes than failures. Most people see themselves better than average
75
Individualism
A social theory favoring freedom of action for individuals over collective or state control
76
Collectivism
Giving priority to the goals of one's group (often one’s extended family or work group and defining one’s identity accordingly

AP Psych (1 decks)

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