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ap geo > Unit 7 > Flashcards

Unit 7 Flashcards

1
Q

The number of births per 1,000 women ages 15 to 19.

A

Adolescent Fertility Rate

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2
Q

The quantity of something that consumers are willing and able to buy.

A

Demand

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3
Q

A country that has progressed relatively far along a continuum of development.

A

Developed country (more developed country [MDC] or relatively developed country)

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4
Q

A country that is a relatively early stage in the process of economic development.

A

Developing country (less developed country [LDC])

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5
Q

A process of improvement in the material conditions of people through diffusion of knowledge and technology.

A

Development

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6
Q

An alternative to international trade that emphasizes small businesses and worker-owned and democratically run cooperatives and requires employers to pay workers fair wages, permit union organization, and comply with minimum environmental and safety standards.

A

Fair trade

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7
Q

The percentage of women holding full-time jobs outside the home.

A

Female labor force participation rate

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8
Q

A measure of the extent of each country’s gender inequality.

A

Gender Inequality Index (GII)

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9
Q

The value of the total output of goods and services produced in a country in a given time period (normally one year).

A

Gross domestic product (GDP)

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10
Q

The value of the output of goods and services produced in a country for one year, including money that leaves and enter the country.

A

Gross national income (GNI)

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11
Q

An indicator of the level of development for each country constructed by the United Nations that is based on income, literacy, education, and life expectancy.

A

Human Development Index (HDI)

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12
Q

Modification of the HDI to account for inequality within a country.

A

Inequality-adjusted HDI (IHDI)

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13
Q

The percentage of a country’s people who can read and write.

A

Literacy rate

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14
Q

The number of women who die giving birth per 100,000 births.

A

Maternal mortality ratio

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15
Q

Provision of small loans and other financial services to individuals and small businesses in developing countries

A

Microfinance

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16
Q

Eight international development goals that all members of the Untied Nations have agreed to achieve by 2015.

A

Millennium Development Goals

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17
Q

The portion of the economy concerned with the direct extraction of materials from Earth’s surface, generally through agriculture, although sometimes by mining, fishing, and forestry.

A

Primary sector

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18
Q

The value of a particular product compared to the amount of labor needed to make it.

A

Productivity

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19
Q

The amount of money needed in one country to purchase the same good and services in another country; adjusts income figures to account for differences among countries in the cost of goods.

A

Purchasing power parity (PPP)

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20
Q

The portion of the economy concerned with manufacturing useful products through processing, transforming, and assembling raw materials.

A

Secondary sector

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21
Q

The quantity of something that producers have available for sale.

A

Supply

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22
Q

The portion of the economy concerned with transportation, communications, and utilities, sometimes extended to the provision of all goods and services to people, in exchange for payment.

A

Tertiary sector

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23
Q

Development of core regions at the expense of those on the periphery.

A

Uneven development

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24
Q

A location where transfer is possible from one mode of transportation to another.

A

Break-of-bulk point

25
Q

An industry in which the final product weighs more or comprises a greater volume than the inputs.

A

Bulk-gaining industry

26
Q

An industry in which the final product weighs less or comprises a lower volume than the inputs.

A

Bulk-reducing industry

27
Q

Manufacturing based in homes rather than in a factory, commonly found before the Industrial Revolution.

A

cottage industry

28
Q

Form of mass production in which each worker is assigned one specific task to perform repeatedly.

A

Fordist production

29
Q

Anticipated increase in Earth’s temperature, caused by carbon dioxide (emitted by burning fossil fuels) trapping some of the radiation emitted by the surface.

A

greenhouse effect

30
Q

A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods.

A

Industrial Revolution

31
Q

Shipment of parts and materials to arrive at a factory moments before they are needed.

A

Just-in-time delivery

32
Q

An industry for which labor costs comprise a high percentage of total expenses.

A

Labor-intensive industry

33
Q

Transfer of some types of jobs, especially those requiring low-paid less skilled workers, from more developed to less developed countries.

A

New international division of labor

34
Q

A decision by a corporation to turn over much of the responsibility for production to independent suppliers.

A

Outsourcing

35
Q

Adoption by companies of flexible work rules, such as the allocation of workers to teams that perform a variety of tasks.

A

Post-Fordist Production

36
Q

A U.S. law that prevents a union and a company from negotiating a contract that requires workers to join the union as a condition of employment.

A

right-to-work laws

37
Q

Location factors related to the costs of factors of production inside the plant, such as land, labor, and capital.

A

Site Factors

38
Q

Location factors related to the transportation of materials into and from a factory.

A

Situation Factors

39
Q

An approach typical of traditional mass production in which a company controls all phases of a highly complex production process.

A

Vertical Integration

40
Q

The portion of the economy concerned with the collection, processing, and manipulation of information and capital. Examples include finance, administration, insurance, and legal services.

A

Quarternary Sector

41
Q

Service sector industries that require a high level of specialized knowledge or technical skill. Examples include scientific research and high-level management.

A

Quinary Sector

42
Q

The development of industries for the machine production of goods.

A

Industrialization

43
Q

A measurement of prosperity or wealth for the people in a country usually measured in terms of income.

A

Standards of living

44
Q

Grouping together of many firms from the same industry in a single area for collective or cooperative use of infrastructure and sharing of labor resources.

A

Agglomeration

45
Q

Model developed by Alfred Weber according to which the location of manufacturing establishments is determined by the minimization of three critical expenses: labor, transportation, and agglomeration.

A

Least Cost Theory

46
Q

The world economy has one market and a global division of labor. Although the world has multiple states, almost everything takes place within the context of the world economy. The world economy has a three-tier structure.

A

Wallerstein’s World Systems Theory

47
Q

Countries that dominate trade, control the most advanced technologies, and have high levels of productivity within diversified economies.

A

core country

48
Q

Those newly industrialized countries with median standards of living, such as Chile, Brazil, India, China, and South Africa.

A

semi-periphery

49
Q

The least developed and least powerful nations; often exploited by the core countries as sources of raw materials, cheap labor, and markets.

A

periphery countries

50
Q

A social class made up of skilled workers, professionals, business people, and wealthy farmers.

A

Middle Class

51
Q

A social class broadly composed of people working in blue-collar, or manual, occupations.

A

Working Class

52
Q

A process of social and economic change caused by the removal or reduction of industrial capacity or activity in a country or region, especially of heavy industry or manufacturing industry.

A

Deindustrialization

53
Q

Economic policies that are predicated on a minimalist role for the state, assuming the desirability of free markets as the ideal condition not only for economic organization but also for political and social life.

A

Neoliberal policies

54
Q

An organization that promotes trade and economic cooperation among the southern and eastern countries of South America.

A

Mercosur

55
Q

A tax on imported goods.

A

Tariff

56
Q

Private organizations that pursue activities to relieve suffering, promote the interests of the poor, protect the environment, provide basic social services, or undertake community development.

A

non-governmental organization (NGO)

57
Q

A form of tourism, based on the enjoyment of scenic areas or natural wonders, that aims to provide an experience of nature or culture in an environmentally sustainable way.

A

Ecotourism

58
Q

A duty-free and tax-exempt industrial park created to attract foreign corporations and create industrial jobs.

A

Free Trade Zone (FTZ)

59
Q

Physical spaces within a country where special regulations benefit foreign-controlled businesses.

A

export processing zones (EPZs)

ap geo (1 decks)

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