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ap human geo > unit 6 vocab :( > Flashcards

unit 6 vocab :( Flashcards

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1
Q

affordability

A

The maximum price that a buyer can afford to pay for a house or apartment

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2
Q

anti-displacement tenant activists

A

Advocates for poor and working-class residents who are at risk of losing their affordable housing to new development

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3
Q

below market rate housing

A

Housing that costs much less than the going rate

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4
Q

blockbusting

A

A practice in which realtors persuade white homeowners in a neighborhood to sell their homes by convincing them that the neighborhood is declining due to black families moving in

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5
Q

boomburb/boomburg

A

a place with more than 100,000 residents that is not a core city in a metropolitan area; a large suburb with its own government

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6
Q

brownfield remediation

A

The process of removing or sealing off contaminants so that a site may be used again without any health concerns

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7
Q

brownfields

A

properties whose use or development may be complicated by the potential presence of hazardous substances or pollutants

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8
Q

built environment

A

The human-made space in which people live, work, and engage in leisure activities on a daily basis

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9
Q

agricultural surplus

A

Crop yields that are sufficient to feed more people than the farmer and his or her family

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10
Q

automobile cities

A

cities whose size and shape are dictated by and almost require individual automobile ownership

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11
Q

capatalism

A

an economic and political system in which a country’s trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state.

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12
Q

central place

A

a settlement that makes certain types of products and services available to consumers

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13
Q

central place theory

A

A model, developed by Walter Christaller, that attempts to understand why cities are located where they are

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14
Q

city

A

A relatively large, densely populated settlement with a much larger population than rural towns and villages; cities serve as important commercial, governmental, and cultural hubs for their surrounding regions

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15
Q

communism

A

an economic and political system in which all property is publicly owned and managed

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15
Q

compact design

A

Development that grows up (in the form of taller buildings) rather than out (in the form of urban sprawl)

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16
Q

concentric zone model

A

a model of a city’s internal organization developed by E.W. Burgess that shows rings of a factory production and different residential zones radiating outward from a central business district

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17
Q

de facto segregation

A

Racial segregation that is not supported by law but is still apparent

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18
Q

decentralize

A

in an urban context, to move business operations from core city areas into outlying areas such as suburbs

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19
Q

diverse housing options

A

policy that encourages building quality housing for people and families of all life stages and income levels in a range of prices within a neighborhood

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20
Q

ecological footprint

A

The total amount of natural resources used and their impact on the natural environment

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21
Q

edge city

A

A concentration of business, shopping, and entertainment that developed in the suburbs, outside of a city’s traditional downtown or central business district

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22
Q

environmental injustice

A

when certain groups, usually poor or recent immigrants, carry a larger share of environmental risks and hazards than wealthy, long-established groups that have the power to influence decisions about the environment

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23
Q

environmental justice

A

the movement to fix environmental discrimination

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24
environmental racism
Occurs when areas inhabited by low-income people of color are targeted for environmental contamination
25
exclusionary zoning
Zoning that attempts to keep low- to moderate-income people out of a neighborhood
26
exurb
A semirural district located beyond the suburbs that is often inhabited by well-to-do families
27
farmland protection policy act (FPPA)
U.S. law that grants municipalities oversight over federally funded development projects on farmland
28
first urban revolution
The agricultural and socioeconomic innovations that led to the rise of the earliest cities
29
fiscal imbalance
Occurs when a government must spend more than it receives in taxes
30
fiscal squeeze
occurs when city revenues cannot keep up with increasing demands for city services and expenditures on decaying urban infrastructure
31
fiscal zoning
The practice of using local land-use regulation to preserve and possibly enhance the local property tax base
32
galactic city model/peripheral model
a model of a city's internal organization in which the central business district remains central, but multiple shopping areas, office parks, and industrial areas are scattered throughout the surrounding suburbs and linked by metropolitan expressway systems
33
gated community
Privately governed and highly secure residential area within the bounds of a city; often has a fence or a gate surrounding it
34
gentrification
The displacement of lower-income residents by higher-income residents as an area or neighborhood improves
35
gravity model
the idea that the closer two places are, the more they will influence each other
36
greenbelt
A zone of grassy, forested, or agricultural land separating urban areas
37
griffin-ford model
A model of the internal structure of the Latin American city developed by Ernst Griffin and Larry Ford
38
housing choice voucher program
a federal government program to assist very-low-income families, the elderly, and the disabled with affordable, decent, safe, and sanitary housing
39
hoyt model/sector model
A model of a city's internal organization, developed by Homer Hoyt, that focuses on transportation and communication as the drivers of the city's layout
40
inclusionary zoning (IZ)
Municipal and county planning ordinances that require a given share of new construction to be affordable for people with low to moderate incomes
41
infill development
The building of new retail, business, or residential spaces on vacant or underused parcels in already-developed areas
42
land tenure
the right to own or hold property; it defines the ways in which rights to that property are managed
43
metropolis
A very large and densely populated city, particularly the capital or major city of a country or region
44
metropolitan statistical area
In the United States, a region with at least one urbanized area as its core
45
mortgage
a loan that is taken out to purchase a home
45
micropolitan statistical area
In the United States, a region with one or more urban clusters of at least 10,000 people as its cores
46
multiple-nuclei model
A model of a city's internal organization, developed by Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman, showing residential districts organized around several nodes (nuclei) rather than one central business district
47
new urbanism
An approach to city planning that focuses on fostering European-style cities of dense settlements, attractive architecture, and housing of different types and prices within walking distance to shopping, restaurants, jobs, and public transportation
48
NIMBYs
Abbreviation for "not in my backyard"; term for people who try to prevent the construction of affordable housing and other types of development in their neighborhood
49
perceived density
General impression of the estimated number of people present in a given area.
49
phytoremediation
the removal of contaminants with plant species that react with or degrade contaminants or draw up contaminants from the soil into shoots and leaves
50
primate city
A city that is much larger than any other city in the country and that dominates the country's economic, political, and cultural life
51
range
in central place theory, the distance people will travel to acquire a good
52
rank-size rule
The population of a settlement is inversely proportional to its rank in the urban hierarchy
53
redevelopment
a set of activities intended to revitalize an area that has fallen on hard times
54
redlining
the practice of identifying high-risk neighborhoods on a city map and refusing to lend money to people who want to buy property in these neighborhoods
55
scattered developments
Subdivisions or developments that do not border on existing settlements and that remove agricultural land from production
56
second urban revolution
The industrial innovations in mining and manufacturing that led to increased urban growth
57
site
An absolute location of a place on Earth
58
situation
the relative location of a place in reference to its surrounding features, or its regional position with reference to other places
59
slow-growth city
A city that changes its zoning laws to decrease the rate at which the city spreads horizontally, with the goal of avoiding the negative effects of sprawl
60
smart growth
policies that combat regional sprawl by addressing issues of population density and transportation
61
social controls
Formal or informal institutions that help to maintain law and order in a place
62
socioeconomic stratification
The structuring of society into distinct socioeconomic classes, including leadership (for instance, a government or ruling class) that exercise control over goods and people
62
sprawl
the tendency of cities to grow outward in an unchecked manner
63
squatter settlement
An area of degraded, seemingly temporary, inadequate, and often illegal housing
64
streetcar suburb
A settlement outside of a city with streetcar lines; the streetcars take residents into and out of the city easily
65
suburb
A populated area on the outskirts of a city
66
suburbanization
The movement of people from urban core areas to the surrounding outskirts of a city
67
threshold
the number of people required to support businesses
68
urban
relating to a city
69
urban area
Any self-governing place in the United States that contains at least 2500 people
70
urban cluster
In the United States, an urban area with less than 50,000 inhabitants
71
urban hearth areas
regions in which the world's first cities evolved
71
urban footprint
The spatial extent of the impacts of urban areas on the natural environment
72
urban heat island
a mass of warm air in cities, generated by urban building materials and human activities, that sits over a city
72
urban hierarchy
a ranking of cities, with the largest and most powerful cities at the top of the hierarchy
73
urban renewal
Large-scale redevelopment of the built environment in downtown and older inner-city neighborhoods
74
urban risk divide
the idea that disasters and disaster risk become urban phenomena as the world's population becomes increasingly concentrated in large cities
75
urbanization
the movement of people from rural areas to cities
76
urban system
a set of interdependent cities or urban places connected by networks
77
urbanization rate
The percentage of a nation's population living in towns and cities
77
urbanized area
In the United States, an urban area with at least 50,000 people or more
78
violent crime
A category of crime that includes murder, rape, robbery, and aggravated assault
79
white flight
The mass movement of white people from the city to the suburbs
80
world city
A world center of trade, finance, information, and migration
81
zoning
The classification of land according to restrictions on its use and development
82
zoning regulations
laws that dictate how land can be used

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