unit 6 vocab :( Flashcards
affordability
The maximum price that a buyer can afford to pay for a house or apartment
anti-displacement tenant activists
Advocates for poor and working-class residents who are at risk of losing their affordable housing to new development
below market rate housing
Housing that costs much less than the going rate
blockbusting
A practice in which realtors persuade white homeowners in a neighborhood to sell their homes by convincing them that the neighborhood is declining due to black families moving in
boomburb/boomburg
a place with more than 100,000 residents that is not a core city in a metropolitan area; a large suburb with its own government
brownfield remediation
The process of removing or sealing off contaminants so that a site may be used again without any health concerns
brownfields
properties whose use or development may be complicated by the potential presence of hazardous substances or pollutants
built environment
The human-made space in which people live, work, and engage in leisure activities on a daily basis
agricultural surplus
Crop yields that are sufficient to feed more people than the farmer and his or her family
automobile cities
cities whose size and shape are dictated by and almost require individual automobile ownership
capatalism
an economic and political system in which a country’s trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state.
central place
a settlement that makes certain types of products and services available to consumers
central place theory
A model, developed by Walter Christaller, that attempts to understand why cities are located where they are
city
A relatively large, densely populated settlement with a much larger population than rural towns and villages; cities serve as important commercial, governmental, and cultural hubs for their surrounding regions
communism
an economic and political system in which all property is publicly owned and managed
compact design
Development that grows up (in the form of taller buildings) rather than out (in the form of urban sprawl)
concentric zone model
a model of a city’s internal organization developed by E.W. Burgess that shows rings of a factory production and different residential zones radiating outward from a central business district
de facto segregation
Racial segregation that is not supported by law but is still apparent
decentralize
in an urban context, to move business operations from core city areas into outlying areas such as suburbs
diverse housing options
policy that encourages building quality housing for people and families of all life stages and income levels in a range of prices within a neighborhood
ecological footprint
The total amount of natural resources used and their impact on the natural environment
edge city
A concentration of business, shopping, and entertainment that developed in the suburbs, outside of a city’s traditional downtown or central business district
environmental injustice
when certain groups, usually poor or recent immigrants, carry a larger share of environmental risks and hazards than wealthy, long-established groups that have the power to influence decisions about the environment
environmental justice
the movement to fix environmental discrimination
environmental racism
Occurs when areas inhabited by low-income people of color are targeted for environmental contamination
exclusionary zoning
Zoning that attempts to keep low- to moderate-income people out of a neighborhood
exurb
A semirural district located beyond the suburbs that is often inhabited by well-to-do families
farmland protection policy act (FPPA)
U.S. law that grants municipalities oversight over federally funded development projects on farmland
first urban revolution
The agricultural and socioeconomic innovations that led to the rise of the earliest cities
fiscal imbalance
Occurs when a government must spend more than it receives in taxes
fiscal squeeze
occurs when city revenues cannot keep up with increasing demands for city services and expenditures on decaying urban infrastructure
fiscal zoning
The practice of using local land-use regulation to preserve and possibly enhance the local property tax base
galactic city model/peripheral model
a model of a city’s internal organization in which the central business district remains central, but multiple shopping areas, office parks, and industrial areas are scattered throughout the surrounding suburbs and linked by metropolitan expressway systems
gated community
Privately governed and highly secure residential area within the bounds of a city; often has a fence or a gate surrounding it
gentrification
The displacement of lower-income residents by higher-income residents as an area or neighborhood improves
gravity model
the idea that the closer two places are, the more they will influence each other
greenbelt
A zone of grassy, forested, or agricultural land separating urban areas
griffin-ford model
A model of the internal structure of the Latin American city developed by Ernst Griffin and Larry Ford
housing choice voucher program
a federal government program to assist very-low-income families, the elderly, and the disabled with affordable, decent, safe, and sanitary housing
hoyt model/sector model
A model of a city’s internal organization, developed by Homer Hoyt, that focuses on transportation and communication as the drivers of the city’s layout
inclusionary zoning (IZ)
Municipal and county planning ordinances that require a given share of new construction to be affordable for people with low to moderate incomes
infill development
The building of new retail, business, or residential spaces on vacant or underused parcels in already-developed areas
land tenure
the right to own or hold property; it defines the ways in which rights to that property are managed
metropolis
A very large and densely populated city, particularly the capital or major city of a country or region
metropolitan statistical area
In the United States, a region with at least one urbanized area as its core
mortgage
a loan that is taken out to purchase a home
micropolitan statistical area
In the United States, a region with one or more urban clusters of at least 10,000 people as its cores
multiple-nuclei model
A model of a city’s internal organization, developed by Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman, showing residential districts organized around several nodes (nuclei) rather than one central business district
new urbanism
An approach to city planning that focuses on fostering European-style cities of dense settlements, attractive architecture, and housing of different types and prices within walking distance to shopping, restaurants, jobs, and public transportation
NIMBYs
Abbreviation for “not in my backyard”; term for people who try to prevent the construction of affordable housing and other types of development in their neighborhood
perceived density
General impression of the estimated number of people present in a given area.
phytoremediation
the removal of contaminants with plant species that react with or degrade contaminants or draw up contaminants from the soil into shoots and leaves
primate city
A city that is much larger than any other city in the country and that dominates the country’s economic, political, and cultural life
range
in central place theory, the distance people will travel to acquire a good
rank-size rule
The population of a settlement is inversely proportional to its rank in the urban hierarchy
redevelopment
a set of activities intended to revitalize an area that has fallen on hard times
redlining
the practice of identifying high-risk neighborhoods on a city map and refusing to lend money to people who want to buy property in these neighborhoods
scattered developments
Subdivisions or developments that do not border on existing settlements and that remove agricultural land from production
second urban revolution
The industrial innovations in mining and manufacturing that led to increased urban growth
site
An absolute location of a place on Earth
situation
the relative location of a place in reference to its surrounding features, or its regional position with reference to other places
slow-growth city
A city that changes its zoning laws to decrease the rate at which the city spreads horizontally, with the goal of avoiding the negative effects of sprawl
smart growth
policies that combat regional sprawl by addressing issues of population density and transportation
social controls
Formal or informal institutions that help to maintain law and order in a place
socioeconomic stratification
The structuring of society into distinct socioeconomic classes, including leadership (for instance, a government or ruling class) that exercise control over goods and people
sprawl
the tendency of cities to grow outward in an unchecked manner
squatter settlement
An area of degraded, seemingly temporary, inadequate, and often illegal housing
streetcar suburb
A settlement outside of a city with streetcar lines; the streetcars take residents into and out of the city easily
suburb
A populated area on the outskirts of a city
suburbanization
The movement of people from urban core areas to the surrounding outskirts of a city
threshold
the number of people required to support businesses
urban
relating to a city
urban area
Any self-governing place in the United States that contains at least 2500 people
urban cluster
In the United States, an urban area with less than 50,000 inhabitants
urban hearth areas
regions in which the world’s first cities evolved
urban footprint
The spatial extent of the impacts of urban areas on the natural environment
urban heat island
a mass of warm air in cities, generated by urban building materials and human activities, that sits over a city
urban hierarchy
a ranking of cities, with the largest and most powerful cities at the top of the hierarchy
urban renewal
Large-scale redevelopment of the built environment in downtown and older inner-city neighborhoods
urban risk divide
the idea that disasters and disaster risk become urban phenomena as the world’s population becomes increasingly concentrated in large cities
urbanization
the movement of people from rural areas to cities
urban system
a set of interdependent cities or urban places connected by networks
urbanization rate
The percentage of a nation’s population living in towns and cities
urbanized area
In the United States, an urban area with at least 50,000 people or more
violent crime
A category of crime that includes murder, rape, robbery, and aggravated assault
white flight
The mass movement of white people from the city to the suburbs
world city
A world center of trade, finance, information, and migration
zoning
The classification of land according to restrictions on its use and development
zoning regulations
laws that dictate how land can be used
