unit 6 vocab :( Flashcards
affordability
The maximum price that a buyer can afford to pay for a house or apartment
anti-displacement tenant activists
Advocates for poor and working-class residents who are at risk of losing their affordable housing to new development
below market rate housing
Housing that costs much less than the going rate
blockbusting
A practice in which realtors persuade white homeowners in a neighborhood to sell their homes by convincing them that the neighborhood is declining due to black families moving in
boomburb/boomburg
a place with more than 100,000 residents that is not a core city in a metropolitan area; a large suburb with its own government
brownfield remediation
The process of removing or sealing off contaminants so that a site may be used again without any health concerns
brownfields
properties whose use or development may be complicated by the potential presence of hazardous substances or pollutants
built environment
The human-made space in which people live, work, and engage in leisure activities on a daily basis
agricultural surplus
Crop yields that are sufficient to feed more people than the farmer and his or her family
automobile cities
cities whose size and shape are dictated by and almost require individual automobile ownership
capatalism
an economic and political system in which a country’s trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state.
central place
a settlement that makes certain types of products and services available to consumers
central place theory
A model, developed by Walter Christaller, that attempts to understand why cities are located where they are
city
A relatively large, densely populated settlement with a much larger population than rural towns and villages; cities serve as important commercial, governmental, and cultural hubs for their surrounding regions
communism
an economic and political system in which all property is publicly owned and managed
compact design
Development that grows up (in the form of taller buildings) rather than out (in the form of urban sprawl)
concentric zone model
a model of a city’s internal organization developed by E.W. Burgess that shows rings of a factory production and different residential zones radiating outward from a central business district
de facto segregation
Racial segregation that is not supported by law but is still apparent
decentralize
in an urban context, to move business operations from core city areas into outlying areas such as suburbs
diverse housing options
policy that encourages building quality housing for people and families of all life stages and income levels in a range of prices within a neighborhood
ecological footprint
The total amount of natural resources used and their impact on the natural environment
edge city
A concentration of business, shopping, and entertainment that developed in the suburbs, outside of a city’s traditional downtown or central business district
environmental injustice
when certain groups, usually poor or recent immigrants, carry a larger share of environmental risks and hazards than wealthy, long-established groups that have the power to influence decisions about the environment
environmental justice
the movement to fix environmental discrimination
environmental racism
Occurs when areas inhabited by low-income people of color are targeted for environmental contamination
exclusionary zoning
Zoning that attempts to keep low- to moderate-income people out of a neighborhood
exurb
A semirural district located beyond the suburbs that is often inhabited by well-to-do families
farmland protection policy act (FPPA)
U.S. law that grants municipalities oversight over federally funded development projects on farmland
first urban revolution
The agricultural and socioeconomic innovations that led to the rise of the earliest cities
fiscal imbalance
Occurs when a government must spend more than it receives in taxes
fiscal squeeze
occurs when city revenues cannot keep up with increasing demands for city services and expenditures on decaying urban infrastructure
fiscal zoning
The practice of using local land-use regulation to preserve and possibly enhance the local property tax base
galactic city model/peripheral model
a model of a city’s internal organization in which the central business district remains central, but multiple shopping areas, office parks, and industrial areas are scattered throughout the surrounding suburbs and linked by metropolitan expressway systems
gated community
Privately governed and highly secure residential area within the bounds of a city; often has a fence or a gate surrounding it
gentrification
The displacement of lower-income residents by higher-income residents as an area or neighborhood improves
