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Physics > Unit 6 Vibrations and Waves > Flashcards

Unit 6 Vibrations and Waves Flashcards

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1
Q

Vibration

A

a back and forth motion about an equilibrium position

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2
Q

Periodic Motion

A

a repeated motion
-back and forth
-doesn’t stop at equilibrium

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3
Q

Hooke’s Law

A

Fs = -k /\x

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4
Q

Spring constant (k)

A

a measure of the stiffness of a spring (unit: N/m)

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5
Q

Simple Harmonic Motion

A

Any period motion or vibration that is the result of a restoring force that is directly proportional to the displacement

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6
Q

Pendulum

A

consists of a mass attached to a string

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7
Q

Amplitude (A)

A

the maximum displacement from equilibrium

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8
Q

Period (T)

A

the time it takes a complete cycle to occur

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9
Q

Frequency (f)

A

the number of cycles or vibrations per unit of time
units: Hertz

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10
Q

Frequency and Period are inverses so the formula is

A

f = 1/T

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11
Q

formula for period of a mass spring system

A

Ts = 2π√(m/k)

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12
Q

formula for period of a pendulum

A

Tp = 2π√(L/ag)

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13
Q

Wave

A

a disturbance that is transmitted progressively from one place to the next with no actual transport of matter
-a transfer of energy
-cannot exist in one place, but must extend from one place to another

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14
Q

Medium

A

a physical environment through which a wave can travel
-the particles in the medium move in vertical circles as the wave passes

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15
Q

The source of waves

A

The source of all waves is something that vibrates. The vibrating causes a disturbance in the medium that travels to the receiver

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16
Q

Crest

A

the high point on a wave

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17
Q

Trough

A

the low point on a wave

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18
Q

Wavelength (λ)

A

the distance between two adjacent similar points of a wave such as from crest to crest or trough to trough

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19
Q

Transverse Wave

A

a wave whose particles vibrate perpendicular to the direction the wave is traveling
(normal example wave)

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20
Q

Examples of Transverse Waves

A

stringed instruments, bridge cables, electromagnetic waves

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21
Q

Longitudinal Waves

A

a wave whose particles are parallel to the direction the wave is traveling

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22
Q

Examples of Longitudinal Waves

A

sound waves, pressure waves, density waves

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23
Q

Compression of a Longitudinal wave

A

the part where the wave is closest together (dar par in water waves

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24
Q

Rarefaction of a Longitudinal Wave

A

the most stretched out part of the wave (light part)

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25
Q

What does the speed of a wave depend on?

A

the medium through which it travels

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26
Q

Equation for speed of a wave

A

v = λf of v = λ / T

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27
Q

interference patterns

A

a regular arrangement of places where wave effects are increased, decreased,or neutralized

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28
Q

Constructive Interference

A

the crest of one wave overlaps the crest of another wave and their individual effects add together
-also known as reinforcement

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29
Q

Destructive Interference

A

the crest of one wave overlaps the trough of another wave and their individual effects are neutralized
-also known as cancellation

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30
Q

Standing Wave

A

a wave patter that results when two waves of the same frequency, wavelength, and amplitude travel in opposite directions and interfere
-a wave that appears to stay in one place and does not seem to move through the medium

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31
Q

Node

A

a stationary point on a standing wave

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32
Q

Antinode

A

the points on a standing wave with the highest amplitde

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33
Q

What creates standing waves?

A

interference.

a standing wave only forms if half a wavelength or a multiple of half a wavelength fits exactly into the length of the vibrating medium

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34
Q

Doppler Effect

A

as a wave approaches, an observer encounters waves with a higher frequency; as a wave source moves away, an observer encounters waves with a lower frequency

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35
Q

supersonic

A

faster than the speed of sound

36
Q

Bow wave

A

occurs when a wave source moves faster than the waves it produces
-forms a v shape
-the faster the source, the narrower the wave
-2d wave

37
Q

shock wave

A

occurs when an object moves faster than the speed of sound
-3d wave

38
Q

sonic boom

A

a sharp crack hear when a shock wave behind a supersonic airplane reaches a listener

39
Q

Sound

A

a longitudinal wave and form of energy that spreads out through space

40
Q

Pitch

A

a measure of how high or low a sound is perceived, to be depending on the frequency of a sound wave
-high pitched sound = high vibration frequency
-low pitched sound = low vibration frequency

41
Q

Infrasonic

A

sound waves with frequencies below 20 Hz
-too low for the human ear

42
Q

Ultrasonic

A

sound waves with frequencies above 20,000 Hz
-to high for the human ear

43
Q

characteristics of sound through different mediums

A

sound travels fastest in solids, then liquids, then gasses because of particle spacing.
-the speed of sound in a gas depends on temperature and mass.
-the speed of sound in a solid depends on elasticity
-sound can’t travel in a vacuum/space because it requires a medium to transmit.

44
Q

Elasticity

A

the ability of a material to change shape in response to an applied force and then resume its initial shape once the disturbing force is removed

45
Q

How is loudness measured

A

It is called sound intensity and it measured by an oscilloscope
- it is directly proportional to the square of the amplitude of the sound wave.

46
Q

Natural Frequency

A

the frequency at which an object vibrates when it is disturbed
-depends on the elasticity
-minimum energy required to produce vibrations

47
Q

Forced Vibration

A

occurs when an object is made to vibrate by another vibrating object that is near by
-causes resonance

48
Q

Resonance

A

a phenomenon that occurs when the frequency of a vibration forced on an object matches the object’s natural frequency
-resonance occurs when there is enough force to pull it back to it’s starting position and enough energy to keep it vibration
-resonance creates standing waves at max amplitudes in 1/4 wavelength

49
Q

constructive interference in a sound wave = (louder/quieter sound)

A

louder

50
Q

destructive interference in a sound wave = (louder/quieter sound)

A

quieter

51
Q

beat

A

a periodic variation in the loudness of sound
- occurs when two tones of slightly different frequencies are sounded together,

52
Q

Photon

A

massless bundles of concentrated electromagnetic energy
-have no mass but still have momentum and they travel at the speed of light

53
Q

Photoelectric Effect

A

the ejection of electrons from certain metals when light falls on them

54
Q

Electromagnetic Wave

A

energy that is emitted by accelerating electric charge that travels in a wave that is partially electric and partially magnetic.
-fields are perpendicular to each other
-the waves don’t need mediums to travel

55
Q

Electromagnetic Spectrum

A

consists of gamma rays, x-rays, ultraviolet, visible light, infrared waves, microwaves, and radio waves
-in order from highest to least frequency

56
Q

What is the significance of ROY G BIV

A

Red has the longest light wavelength, green has a medium length light wavelength and violet has the shortest wavelength

57
Q

speed of light (c)

A

in a vacuum/space, light travels at 299,920 km/s a year or 3 x 10^8 m/s

58
Q

Light year

A

the distance light travels in a year

59
Q

scattering

A

occurs when light bounces off an object in a variety of directions
-makes the sky blue
-used to track clouds and natural disasters

60
Q

Transparent Materials

A

materials that light passes through whose atoms absorb that energy and immediately reemit it as light; no change in frequency
-ex: glass, water

61
Q

Opaque Materials

A

materials that absorb light without being reemited and thus allow no light to to pass through them

62
Q

Ray

A

a thin beam of light

63
Q

Shadow

A

formed where light rays cannot reach

64
Q

Umbra

A

total shadow
(dark part where all light is blocked)

65
Q

Penumbra

A

Partial Shadow
(lighter part around the edges that experience some light)

66
Q

Solar Eclipse

A

when the moon’s shadow falls on the earth
-the moon is in between Earth and the sun

67
Q

Lunar Eclipse

A

an eclipse of the moon when the earth’s shadow falls on the moon
-the moon is being blocked by earth

68
Q

Polarization

A

the alignment of electromagnetic waves in such a way that the vibrations of the electric fields of each wave are parallel to each other
-polarized light vibrates in only one direction while normal light vibrates in all directions

69
Q

Spectrum

A

a spread of the colors of the rainbow

70
Q

Primary Colors

A

Red, Blue, Green - mix to white

71
Q

Reflection

A

the return of a wave back into it’s original medium

72
Q

Law of Reflection

A

the angle of incidence (incoming light) = the angle of reflection

73
Q

Diffuse Reflection

A

when incident light hits a rough surface and bounces in many different directions

74
Q

Specular Reflection

A

when incident light hits a smooth surface and bounces in one direction

75
Q

Refraction

A

the bending of a wave as it crosses the boundary between two mediums at an angle due to changes in wave speed
-makes things appear closer than they really are

76
Q

speed of light in water

A

75% of the original speed of light

77
Q

speed of light in glass

A

67% of the original speed of light

78
Q

speed of light in diamond

A

40% of the original speed of light

79
Q

Dispersion

A

the separation of light into colors according to their frequency
-involves reflection and refraction
-produces a rainbow

80
Q

Diffraction

A

the bending and spreading of waves around an obstacle
-bending by means other than reflection or refraction
-think of the light expanding through a hole or slit

81
Q

Diffraction Grating

A

has multiple closely spaced parallel slits which separate light into color by interference and cause iridescence.

82
Q

Radiation

A

energy that travels and spreads out as it goes

83
Q

Electron Volt (cV)

A

the amount of kinetic energy needed to move an electron through 1 volt of potential

84
Q

In a mass spring system

A

as /\x increases,

85
Q

A child is being pushed on a swing. The child’s natural frequency of swinging is once each for seconds. For maximum amplitude, the man should push at a rate of once each:

A

4 seconds, creating resonance

86
Q

the reason that the sky is blue is that air molecules

A

scatter blue light in all directions

Physics (5 decks)

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