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BIOL 273 > Unit 6 - The Immune System > Flashcards

Unit 6 - The Immune System Flashcards

1
Q 
Which is NOT a pathogen?
A) cancer
B) hookworm
C) athlete's foot fungus
D) chicken pox virus
E) meningococcus bacterium
A

A) cancer

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2
Q 
Autoimmune diseases are an example of a(n) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ response by the immune system.
A) lack of 
B) overactive
C) incorrect
D) None of the answers are correct.
A

C) incorrect

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3
Q

When the immune system creates a response that is overblown in relation to the threat it has been exposed to, the response is called an
A) autoimmune response.
B) immunodeficiency.
C) allergic reaction.

A

C) allergic reaction.

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4
Q

Antibiotics are drugs that destroy or inhibit the growth of
A) viruses.
B) bacteria.
C) multicellular pathogens such as hookworms.
D) viruses and bacteria.
E) viruses, bacteria, and multicellular pathogens such as hookworms.

A

B) bacteria.

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5
Q

Viruses
A) must reproduce inside cells of the host.
B) are considered to be parasitic.
C) easily survive in the environment outside the body.
D) must reproduce inside cells of the host and are considered to be parasitic.
E) must reproduce inside cells of the host, are considered to be parasitic, and easily survive in the environment outside the body.

A

D) must reproduce inside cells of the host and are considered to be parasitic.

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6
Q

Which of these is matched incorrectly?
A) innate immunity - nonspecific responses
B) acquired immunity - responses directed toward specific invaders
C) active immunity - an immune response started and developed by the cells
D) actively acquired immunity - immunity passed via the placenta or milk to offspring
E) Each of these is correctly described.

A

D) actively acquired immunity - immunity passed via the placenta or milk to offspring

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7
Q 
Lymphoid tissues include
A) thymus.
B) bone marrow.
C) lymph nodes.
D) spleen.
E) All of the answers are correct.
A

E) All of the answers are correct.

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8
Q 
The largest lymphoid tissue(s) is/are the
A) spleen.
B) thymus.
C) GALT.
D) lymph nodes.
E) tonsils.
A

A) spleen.

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9
Q

Diffuse lymphoid tissue includes
A) tonsils.
B) GALT (gut-associated lymphoid tissue).
C) the spleen.
D) tonsils and GALT (gut-associated lymphoid tissue).
E) tonsils, GALT (gut-associated lymphoid tissue), and the spleen.

A

D) tonsils and GALT (gut-associated lymphoid tissue).

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10
Q

Swelling and soreness of the lymph nodes indicate that
A) immune cells are fighting infection.
B) the immune system is incapable of working.
C) dangerous cancerous changes are occurring in the immune system.
D) too much or improper exercise has been undertaken.
E) None of the answers are correct.

A

A) immune cells are fighting infection.

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11
Q 
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are clusters of lymphatic nodules located beneath the epithelial lining of the small intestine.
A) Tonsils
B) Adenoids
C) Peyer's patches
D) Immune complexes
E) Lymph nodes
A

C) Peyer’s patches

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12
Q

Cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system include
A) macrophages and monocytes.
B) neutrophils and eosinophils.
C) lymphocytes and plasma cells.
D) macrophages, monocytes, neutrophils and eosinophils.
E) macrophages, monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes and plasma cells.

A

A) macrophages and monocytes.

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13
Q

Which cell is incorrectly matched with the characteristic?
A) eosinophils - numbers increase with allergies and parasites
B) eosinophils - cytotoxic cells may live only 6-12 hours
C) basophils - have granules containing histamine and heparin
D) neutrophils - most abundant white cell
E) neutrophils - most difficult to identify

A

E) neutrophils - most difficult to identify

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14
Q 
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ have been found to be the precursor cells of macrophages.
A) Eosinophils
B) Basophils
C) Neutrophils
D) Monocytes
E) Lymphocytes
A

D) Monocytes

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15
Q 
Which of the following are NOT antigen-presenting cells (APCs)?
A) lymphocytes
B) dendritic cells
C) macrophages
D) neutrophils
E) monocytes
A

D) neutrophils

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16
Q

Leukocytes recognize molecules that are unique to pathogens; thus, the molecules are
A) pathogen-associated molecular patterns.
B) pattern recognition receptors.
C) toll-like receptors.
D) phagosomes.
E) antigens.

A

A) pathogen-associated molecular patterns.

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17
Q 
Molecules that attract immune cells are known as
A) interferons.
B) lysozymes.
C) antigens.
D) opsonins.
E) chemotaxins.
A

E) chemotaxins.

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18
Q 
Which of the following immune cells are also known as Langerhans cells?
A) basophils
B) eosinophils
C) mast cells
D) lymphocytes
E) dendritic cells
A

E) dendritic cells

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19
Q

Lymphocytes and plasma cells
A) mediate the acquired immune response.
B) are found primarily in lymphoid tissue.
C) all function and behave the same way.
D) mediate the acquired immune response and are found primarily in lymphoid tissue.
E) mediate the acquired immune response, are found primarily in lymphoid tissue, and all function and behave the same way.

A

D) mediate the acquired immune response and are found primarily in lymphoid tissue.

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20
Q 
C-reactive protein is a type of
A) cytokine.
B) chemotaxin.
C) acute-phase protein.
D) pyrogen.
E) granzyme.
A

C) acute-phase protein.

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21
Q 
All of the following are characteristics of acquired immunity EXCEPT
A) cell-mediated immunity.
B) nonspecific immunity.
C) humoral immunity.
D) adaptive immunity.
A

B) nonspecific immunity.

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22
Q

Cytokines function by
A) acting as messengers for growth and activity of other cells.
B) poisoning and killing invading cells.
C) digesting invading cells.
D) acting as messengers for growth and activity of other cells and poisoning and killing invading cells.
E) acting as messengers for growth and activity of other cells, poisoning and killing invading cells, and digesting invading cells.

A

A) acting as messengers for growth and activity of other cells.

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23
Q

Chemotaxins function in
A) digesting invading cells.
B) attracting additional immune cells.
C) poisoning and killing invading cells.
D) digesting invading cells and attracting additional immune cells.
E) digesting invading cells, attracting additional immune cells, and poisoning and killing invading cells.

A

B) attracting additional immune cells.

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24
Q 
A substance that induces fever is known as a(n)
A) opsonin.
B) chemotaxin.
C) acute phase protein.
D) pyrogen.
E) cytokine.
A

D) pyrogen.

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25
Q

Opsonins function by
A) poisoning and killing invading cells.
B) marking or tagging pathogens so phagocytes can find and ingest them.
C) digesting invading cells directly.
D) poisoning and killing invading cells and marking or tagging pathogens so phagocytes can find and ingest them.
E) poisoning and killing invading cells, marking or tagging pathogens so phagocytes can find and ingest them, and digesting invading cells directly.

A

B) marking or tagging pathogens so phagocytes can find and ingest them.

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26
Q 
Acute phase proteins are produced by the
A) macrophages.
B) lymph nodes.
C) liver.
D) thymus.
E) lymphocytes.
A

C) liver.

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27
Q 
The cells responsible for the production of circulating antibodies are
A) NK cells.
B) plasma cells.
C) helper T cells.
D) cytotoxic T cells.
E) suppressor T cells.
A

B) plasma cells.

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28
Q

Passive immunity is a type of ________ immunity.
A) acquired
B) innate

A

A) acquired

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29
Q 
The cells responsible for cell-mediated immunity are the
A) B lymphocytes.
B) plasma cells.
C) T lymphocytes.
D) suppressor T lymphocytes.
A

C) T lymphocytes.

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30
Q 
Stem cells that will form B lymphocytes are found in the
A) bone marrow.
B) liver.
C) spleen.
D) thymus.
E) kidneys.
A

A) bone marrow.

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31
Q 
The first line of cellular defense against pathogens are the
A) T lymphocytes.
B) B lymphocytes.
C) NK cells.
D) phagocytes.
E) plasma cells.
A

D) phagocytes.

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32
Q 
Which of the following acts as the earliest form of defense against exogenous pathogens in the list?
A) inflammation
B) lymphocytes
C) macrophages
D) skin
A

D) skin

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33
Q

An inflammatory response is triggered when
A) red blood cells release pyrogens.
B) T lymphocytes release interferon.
C) mast cells release granules containing histamine and heparin.
D) neutrophils phagocytize bacteria.
E) blood flow to an area increases.

A

C) mast cells release granules containing histamine and heparin.

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34
Q 
Lymphocytes that attack foreign cells or body cells infected with viruses are
A) B lymphocytes.
B) plasma cells.
C) helper T cells.
D) cytotoxic T cells.
E) suppressor T cells.
A

D) cytotoxic T cells.

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35
Q 
Cells that help to regulate the immune response are
A) B lymphocytes.
B) plasma cells.
C) helper T cells.
D) cytotoxic T cells.
E) NK cells.
A

C) helper T cells.

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36
Q 
The cells that are actively involved in immunological surveillance are the
A) NK cells.
B) plasma cells.
C) B lymphocytes.
D) helper T cells.
E) suppressor T cells.
A

A) NK cells.

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37
Q 
Stem cells that will form T lymphocytes are modified in the
A) bone marrow.
B) liver.
C) spleen.
D) thymus.
E) kidneys.
A

D) thymus.

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38
Q 
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the immunoglobulin class that comprises 75% of antibodies in adult blood.
A) IgA
B) IgD
C) IgE
D) IgG
E) IgM
A

D) IgG

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39
Q 
Immunoglobulins that are mainly responsible for resistance against viruses, bacteria, and bacterial toxins are
A) IgA.
B) IgD.
C) IgE.
D) IgG.
E) IgM.
A

D) IgG.

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40
Q 
Immunoglobulins that attach to mast cells and are involved in allergic reactions are
A) IgA.
B) IgD.
C) IgE.
D) IgG.
E) IgM.
A

C) IgE.

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41
Q 
Immunoglobulins that are found on the surface of B lymphocytes and may play a role in regulation of the humoral immune response are
A) IgA.
B) IgD.
C) IgE.
D) IgG.
E) IgM.
A

B) IgD.

42
Q 
Immunoglobulins that are the first antibodies to be produced in response to infection are
A) IgA.
B) IgD.
C) IgE.
D) IgG.
E) IgM.
A

E) IgM.

43
Q 
Immunoglobulins that are primarily found in glandular secretions are
A) IgA.
B) IgD.
C) IgE.
D) IgG.
E) IgM.
A

A) IgA.

44
Q 
The specificity of an antibody is determined by
A) the fixed segment.
B) the antigenic determinants.
C) the variable region.
D) the size of the antibody.
E) the antibody class.
A

C) the variable region.

45
Q

In order for a lymphocyte to respond to an antigen, the antigen must
A) be phagocytized by the lymphocyte.
B) enter the cytoplasm of the lymphocyte.
C) bind to the DNA of the lymphocyte.
D) bind to specific receptors on the lymphocyte membrane.
E) depolarize the lymphocyte.

A

D) bind to specific receptors on the lymphocyte membrane.

46
Q 
When an antigen complex is bound to a Class I MHC molecule, it can stimulate a
A) B cell.
B) plasma cell.
C) helper T cell.
D) cytotoxic T cell.
E) NK cell.
A

D) cytotoxic T cell.

47
Q 
Class II MHC molecules are found
A) on all cells with a nucleus.
B) only on red blood cells.
C) only on granulocytes and macrophages.
D) only on lymphocytes and macrophages.
E) only on liver cells and macrophages in the spleen.
A

D) only on lymphocytes and macrophages.

48
Q

A person’s blood type is determined by
A) the size of the red blood cells.
B) the shape of the red blood cells.
C) the chemical character of the hemoglobin.
D) the presence or absence of specific glycoprotein molecules on their cell membrane.
E) the number of specific molecules on the cell membrane.

A

D) the presence or absence of specific glycoprotein molecules on their cell membrane.

49
Q 
A person with type A blood has
A) A antibodies on his red blood cells.
B) A antibodies in his plasma.
C) B antibodies on his red blood cells.
D) B antibodies in his plasma.
E) the ability to receive AB blood cells.
A

D) B antibodies in his plasma.

50
Q 
Inappropriate or excessive immune responses to antigens are
A) immunodeficiency diseases.
B) autoimmune diseases.
C) allergies.
D) the result of stress.
E) common in the elderly.
A

C) allergies.

51
Q

Match the cell type with its description.

	A. lymphocytes 
	B. neutrophils 
	C. monocytes 
	D. eosinophils 
	E. basophils

These are the most abundant leukocyte; they are formed in the bone marrow.

A

B. neutrophils

52
Q

Match the cell type with its description.

	A. lymphocytes 
	B. neutrophils 
	C. monocytes 
	D. eosinophils 
	E. basophils

Cytotoxic, these cells are associated with allergic reactions and parasitic infestations. Usually these cells are less than 3% of the leukocyte population, and only live up to 12 hours.

A

D. eosinophils

53
Q

Match the cell type with its description.

	A. lymphocytes 
	B. neutrophils 
	C. monocytes 
	D. eosinophils 
	E. basophils

Precursors of macrophages, these cells are relatively rare in blood because they are actually in transit to some other site.

A

C. monocytes

54
Q

Match the cell type with its description.

	A. lymphocytes 
	B. neutrophils 
	C. monocytes 
	D. eosinophils 
	E. basophils

These cells are related to mast cells, and both release chemical mediators such as histamine and heparin, which aid in the immune response.

A

E. basophils

55
Q

Match the cell type with its description.

	A. lymphocytes 
	B. neutrophils 
	C. monocytes 
	D. eosinophils 
	E. basophils

Estimated to reach populations of one trillion in normal adults, most of these cells reside in the lymphoid tissues of the body. These cells look quite similar to one another under the microscope, yet function very differently.

A

A. lymphocytes

56
Q 
A patient has elevated eosinophils and monocytes but normal levels of neutrophils, basophils, and lymphocytes. Which of the following could be causing those levels?
A) an acute bacterial infection
B) a chronic bacterial infection
C) a viral infection
D) a chronic parasitic infection
E) a severe allergic reaction
A

D) a chronic parasitic infection

57
Q 
A patient has elevated neutrophils and monocytes with normal levels of basophils, eosinophils, and lymphocytes. Which of the following is the most likely cause of these test results?
A) a chronic bacterial infection
B) an acute viral infection
C) an allergic reaction
D) a fungal infection
E) an autoimmune reaction
A

A) a chronic bacterial infection

58
Q

A patient with hay fever symptoms that have been going on for a couple weeks comes to your office to be treated for his hay fever. If a white blood cell differential count was performed, which leukocytes would likely be elevated?
A) neutrophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes
B) monocytes, lymphocytes, and eosinophils
C) monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils
D) lymphocytes, basophils, and neutrophils

A

C) monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils

59
Q

Match the type of immunity to its description.

A. specific
B. nonspecific

present at birth

A

B. nonspecific

60
Q

Match the type of immunity to its description.

A. specific
B. nonspecific

Secreted lysozyme kills bacteria.

A

B. nonspecific

61
Q

Match the type of immunity to its description.

A. specific
B. nonspecific

NK cells cause apoptosis of viral-infected cells.

A

B. nonspecific

62
Q

Match the type of immunity to its description.

A. specific
B. nonspecific

Antibodies in breast milk protect a newborn baby from pathogens.

A

A. specific

63
Q

Match the type of immunity to its description.

A. specific
B. nonspecific

Infected cells are killed by perforin and granzymes.

A

A. specific

64
Q

________ are phagocytic cells that are permanent residents of specific tissues and organs.

A

Fixed macrophages

65
Q

________ are fixed macrophages that are found in the central nervous system.

A

Microglia

66
Q

________ are fixed macrophages found in the liver.

A

Kupffer cells

67
Q

________ are fixed macrophages located in the epithelia of the skin.

A

Langerhans cells

68
Q

________ are free phagocytes found in the lungs.

A

Alveolar macrophages

69
Q

The ability of certain cells to mobilize in response to changes in their chemical environment is called ________.

A

chemotaxis

70
Q

Substances that can trigger an immune response are known as ________.

A

antigens

71
Q

________ are antibodies found in body fluids.

A

Immunoglobulins

72
Q

The process by which the surface of a microorganism is covered with antibodies and complement, rendering it more likely to be phagocytized, is called ________.

A

opsonization

73
Q

________ cells enable the immune system to respond more quickly if the same antigen is encountered a second time.

A

Memory

74
Q

________ exists when the immune system does NOT respond to a particular antigen.

A

Tolerance

75
Q

________ are mediators released from white blood cells that regulate the activity of B cells and T cells and enhance nonspecific defense.

A

Interleukins

76
Q

________ are cytokines that make cells resistant to viruses.

A

Interferons

77
Q

________ are groups of lymphocytes with a specific ligand in common.

A

Clones

78
Q 
A sample of tissue from an injury shows a large number of basophils. This would indicate that the tissue was
A) abscessed.
B) inflamed.
C) being rejected.
D) infected by viruses.
E) infected by multicellular parasites.
A

B) inflamed.

79
Q 
Meghan thinks she has an abscessed tooth. If she does, what type of white blood cell would you expect to see in elevated numbers in a differential count?
A) neutrophils
B) eosinophils
C) basophils
D) lymphocytes
E) monocytes
A

A) neutrophils

80
Q

Bill wants to determine his blood type, so he takes a few drops of blood from a puncture wound in his finger and mixes it with various antisera. His blood cells agglutinate when mixed with the anti-A serum but not with the anti-B. Therefore this is true:
A) Bill could receive type B blood in a transfusion.
B) Bill could donate blood to an individual with type B blood.
C) Bill is Rh positive.
D) Bill’s plasma contains B antibodies.
E) Bill’s plasma would cross-react with type O red blood cells.

A

D) Bill’s plasma contains B antibodies.

81
Q 
In an experimental situation focused on the development of a new vaccine, mice were injected with a viral antigen. Their plasma was removed in order to detect the presence of antibodies. This is an example of 
A) innate immunity.
B) active immunization.
C) passive immunization.
D) natural immunity.
E) autoimmunity.
A

B) active immunization.

82
Q 
In an experimental situation, a virus is injected into a rabbit and the rabbit is allowed to make antibodies for the viral antigen. These antibodies are then removed from the rabbit plasma and injected into a human to help combat the same viral disease. This is an example of
A) innate immunity.
B) active immunization.
C) passive immunization.
D) natural immunity.
E) autoimmunity.
A

C) passive immunization.

83
Q 
A decrease in which population of lymphocytes would impair all aspects of an immune response?
A) cytotoxic T cells
B) helper T cells
C) suppressor T cells
D) B lymphocytes
E) plasma cells
A

B) helper T cells

84
Q 
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that causes the disease known as AIDS selectively infects
A) B cells.
B) plasma cells.
C) cytotoxic T cells.
D) helper T cells.
E) suppressor T cells.
A

D) helper T cells.

85
Q

Milly has just received a kidney transplant and is taking cyclosporin A, a drug that suppresses cytotoxic T cells. What does this medication do?
A) prevents inflammation from destroying the transplanted kidney
B) depresses hematopoiesis
C) prevents rejection
D) increases the number of antibodies in the blood
E) None of the answers are correct.

A

C) prevents rejection

86
Q

Leslie has a bad sore throat and the lymph nodes in her neck are swollen. This indicates
A) the focus of the infection is the lymph nodes.
B) lymph is not flowing through these lymph nodes.
C) the affected lymph nodes contain an increased number of lymphocytes.
D) the lymph gland has increased its secretion of thymosin.

A

C) the affected lymph nodes contain an increased number of lymphocytes.

87
Q 
Neil accidentally ingests a substance that activates the complement cascade in the absence of bound antibodies. This substance would
A) produce a fever.
B) cause extensive cellular damage.
C) increase circulation of lymph.
D) activate blood clotting.
E) prevent inflammation.
A

B) cause extensive cellular damage.

88
Q

In a routine examination, some blood is taken and analyzed. The results show a high IgM level for the mumps antigen. This would indicate
A) the person has just recovered from mumps.
B) the person is just coming down with mumps.
C) the person is allergic to mumps.
D) the person is immune to mumps.
E) None of the answers are correct.

A

B) the person is just coming down with mumps.

89
Q 
A fluid sample contains a large amount of IgA type antibody. This fluid is probably
A) blood.
B) lymph.
C) serum.
D) tears.
E) intracellular.
A

D) tears.

90
Q

Match the immunoglobulin to its description.

	A. IgA
	B. IgM
	C. IgG
	D. IgD
	E.  IgE

crosses the placenta

A

C. IgG

91
Q

Match the immunoglobulin to its description.

	A. IgA
	B. IgM
	C. IgG
	D. IgD
	E.  IgE

present in breast milk

A

A. IgA

92
Q

Match the immunoglobulin to its description.

	A. IgA
	B. IgM
	C. IgG
	D. IgD
	E.  IgE

physiological role is unclear

A

D. IgD

93
Q

Match the immunoglobulin to its description.

	A. IgA
	B. IgM
	C. IgG
	D. IgD
	E.  IgE

binds to mast cells, triggering degranulation

A

E. IgE

94
Q

Match the immunoglobulin to its description.

	A. IgA
	B. IgM
	C. IgG
	D. IgD
	E.  IgE

reacts to blood group antigens

A

B. IgM

95
Q

Compare and contrast the effectiveness of the immune response to bacterial and viral infection.

A

Both pathogens are foreign and thus have antigens, therefore they each stimulate both branches of the immune response. The humoral response is more effective at eliminating bacterial infections than viral infections because bacteria typically do not have self antigens. The cell-mediated immune response is more effective at eliminating viral infections than bacterial, because viruses infect and therefore alter self cells, and it is altered self cells that stimulate cytotoxic T cells.

96
Q

Describe the roles of interleukins, kinins, and complement in immunity. How does interleukin-1 mediate the immune response?

A

Interleukins mediate the inflammatory response, induce fever, stimulate cytokine and endocrine secretion, and promote other aspects of immune response. Kinins are inactive plasma proteins that are part of a cascade producing the end-product bradykinin. Bradykinin promotes inflammation and causes pain. Complement proteins are part of a cascade producing a membrane attack complex that can lyse pathogens. Complement proteins stimulate other aspects of the immune response as well.

97
Q

Explain clonal expansion and the roles and interactions of effector cells, memory cells, naive lymphocytes, and plasma cells.

A

Clonal expansion is the increase in population of a lymphocyte of a particular antigen specificity, as a result of exposure to that antigen. Lymphocytes produced during clonal expansion differentiate either into effector cells, which produce the immune response and die within a few days, or memory cells, which persist for years and continue to reproduce. Naive lymphocytes are those present at birth, with antigen specificity already determined, but in small numbers because they have not yet been exposed to the antigen and undergone clonal expansion. Plasma cells are the effector B lymphocytes, which become specialized for producing and secreting large amounts of antibody.

98
Q

Compare and contrast innate and acquired immunity.

A

Innate immunity is a nonspecific response to foreign invaders or tissue damage and acts as a second line of defense. Acquired (adaptive) immunity has two major methods of response, cell-mediated immunity and humoral immunity, both of which are specific to the pathogen. Cells of the adaptive immune system are responsible for immunological memory.

99
Q

Explain the roles and interactions of each of the following in immunity: B lymphocytes, antibodies, immunoglobulins, T lymphocytes, MHC, HLA.

A

The immune system consists of two main classes of cells: B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes. The effector B lymphocytes, plasma cells, are specialized for producing large amounts of a protein known as an antibody. Antibodies bind to specific antigens, leading to the destruction of the antigens and pathogens bearing the antigens. Immunoglobulins are just antibodies, categorized according to specific details of their structure and function. T lymphocytes are specialized for destroying cells that bear antigen within a self molecule known as MHC. MHC stands for major histocompatibility complex, which is a group of cell surface proteins essential for triggering the immune response. HLA stands for human leukocyte antigen, and is just an alternative name for MHC.

100
Q

Explain each of these terms: antibiotic, antibody, antigen, antihistamine, antiretroviral drug, antiviral drug.

A

An antibiotic is a drug that kills bacteria. Antibodies are proteins produced by lymphocytes that help lead to destruction of invading pathogens. Antigens are molecules that stimulate an immune response. Antihistamines are drugs that block secretion of histamine from immune cells. Antiretroviral and antiviral drugs are drugs that destroy specific kinds of viruses.

101
Q

Compare and contrast the roles of cytotoxic T cells and NK cells.

A

Cytotoxic T cells bind to and destroy specific virus-infected self cells and sometimes cancer cells, as part of the immune system. NK cells are part of the innate defenses, secreting antiviral cytokines and attacking host cells that lack MHC-I complexes as a result of a viral infection or cancer.

BIOL 273 (3 decks)

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