Unit 6 - Speeches

Question 1

Author’s attitude toward the subject and toward the audience implied in a literary work. Tone may be formal, informal, intimate, solemn, somber, playful, serious, ironic, condescending, or many other possible attitudes.

Answer 1

Tone

Question 2

Expressing views, concerns, or objections of those who would disagree with the speaker’s position. For ethos, the tone is important here- being respectful of the other side is a way to show the speaker is a balanced, unbiased person who has come to his/her position after careful consideration of both sides.

Answer 2

Concession

Question 3

Directly referencing the experience, titles, or achievements of the source who you are quoting. (Here, speakers use the ethos of the source to help establish their own ethos.)

Answer 3

Credentials of Source

Question 4

Language that evokes particular sensations or emotionally rich experiences in a reader. Imagery calls up sensations of sight, taste, smell, touch, heat, pressure. Images help to make abstracts and/or feelings concrete.

Answer 4

Imagery

Question 5

Though this Pathos approach overlaps with the Logos appeal of anecdotal evidence, we see in the example how the experiences of a single person can create a stronger emotional effect than broad statistics.

Answer 5

Personal Account/Anecdote

Question 6

Appealing to your audience by calling on values such as their sense of patriotism, fair play, justice, respect for the underdog, etc.

Answer 6

Appeals to Values

Question 7

Quantifiable evidence.

Example: “In stark contrast, an estimated 80 percent of Haitians live in absolute poverty.”

Answer 7

Numerical Evidence

Question 8

Non-scientific observations or studies, based on personal experience. (The reliability of the source should be considered here.)
Example: In Rwanda’s countryside in 1994, Jeune Pritchard knew she was going to one of the thousands of massacre sites. But she was unprepared for what she saw. “You know, you couldn’t step into it because there were so many bodies.”

Answer 8

Anecdotal Evidence

Question 9

A deductive scheme of a formal argument consisting of a major and a minor premise and a conclusion. If A=B, and B=C, then A=C.
Example: “Every virtue is admirable; kindness is a virtue; therefore kindness is admirable”

Answer 9

Syllogism

Question 10

A basic form of logic, showing the relationship between events in order to make a prediction. Example: “If the government of Sudan stops providing aid to the Janjaweed raiders, the raids will quickly diminish.”

Answer 10

If-Then Statements

Question 11

Comparing a historical event that is similar to one’s topic in order to make a prediction or argumentative point.
Example: “An international force ended violence and genocide in the Balkans, and they can do so here.”

Answer 11

Historical Precendent

Question 12

An implied comparison between two unlike things that does not use the word like, as, so, or than.
Example: His voice was a cascade of emotion.

Answer 12

Metaphor

Question 13

An explicit comparison between two unlike things signaled by use of like, as, so, or than.
Example: a writer, like an acrobat, must occasionally try new tricks.

Answer 13

Simile

Question 14

Placing two ideas, words, or pictures side by side so that their closeness creates a new, sometimes ironic meaning.
Example: In Chapter 3 of The Great Gatsby, Gatsby is sober and alone, while the party-goers are drunk and social. Gatsby is juxtaposed with his guests.

Answer 14

Juxtaposition

Question 15

A set of similarly structured words, phrases, or clauses that appears in a sentence or paragraph. It involves an arrangement of words, phrases, sentences, and paragraphs so that elements of equal importance are equally developed and similarly phrased. As a rhetorical tool, speakers/writers may use this rhythmic technique as a subtle repetition device emphasizing what is said and making the content of what is said more memorable.
Examples: We will stand, fight, and die for our freedom. He was a loyal friend, an honest politician, and a compassionate citizen.

Answer 15

Parallelism (Parallel Structure)

Question 16

A figure of speech that makes brief reference to a historical or literary figure, event, or object. Biblical and mythological allusions are frequent in English literature. It creates a comparison, and has an emotional effect from the associations already existing in the reader’s mind.
Example: Discouraging an audience from taking a risk by reminding them to live their lives like Daedalus rather than Icarus.

Answer 16

Allusion

Question 17

A figure of speech characterized by strongly contrasting words, clauses, sentences, or ideas. It’s used to show a contrast or opposition of thoughts.
Examples: Place your virtues on a pedestal; put your vices under a rock. You are going: I am staying.

Answer 17

Antithesis

Question 18

A self-contradictory combination of words.

Examples: “bittersweet,” “jumbo shrimp,” and “guest host.”

Answer 18

Oxymoron

Question 19

The repetition of initial identical consonant sounds or any vowel sound in successive or closely associated syllables. Consonantal Alliteration: “The furrow followed free…” Vowel alliteration: “Apt alliteration’s artful aide…”
Alliteration of sounds within words: “The moan of doves in immemorial elms,

Answer 19

Alliteration

Question 20

Repeating a word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses or sentences for emphasis and rhythm. It is often used to place an emphasis on or draw attention to what is said. Example: We’ve lost our sense of decency, we’ve lost our credibility in the eyes of other nations, and we’ve lost our way as a nation.

Answer 20

Anaphora

Question 21

An exaggeration for effect or to make a point; Example: I could eat a horse.

Answer 21

Hyperbole

Question 22

Is a word that imitates or suggests the source of the sound that it describes.
Examples: Common occurrences of onomatopoeias include animal noises, such as “oink” or “meow” or “roar,” and also words that by their sound suggest their meaning, such as “hiss,” “buzz,” “whirr,” “sizzle.”

Answer 22

Onomatopoeia

Question 23

A statement that seems contradictory but may actually contain some truth.
Examples: “Fair is foul and foul is fair,” and “less is more.”

Answer 23

Paradox

Question 24

Reiteration of a word, sound, phrase, or idea.

Answer 24

Repetition

Question 25

A question posed, not to seek an answer. It is used to draw attention to a point and is generally stronger than a direct statement. Can be used to appeal to an audience’s common sense or logic.
Example: Do you want to lose?

Answer 25

Rhetorical Question

Question 26

The use of slang or informalities in speech or writing. Not generally acceptable for formal writing, colloquialisms give a work a conversational, familiar tone;
Examples: in a bind, take a snooze, ain’t

Answer 26

Colloquialism

Question 27

A substitution of a mild phrase for another expression that might offend or otherwise suggest something unpleasant to the audience.
Examples: to say “passed away” instead of “died,” or “senior citizens” instead of “old people,” is to practice euphemism.

Answer 27

Euphemism

Question 28

A sentence structure beginning with an “If…,” clause and ending with a “…then…” clause; its structure might emphasize logical thinking.
Example- If he does not complete all of his homework, then he cannot go out with his friends.

Answer 28

Conditional Sentence Structure

Question 29

It starts with a series of subordinate phrases and/or clauses and finishes with a main clause; its structure might emphasize an intensifying of an emotional state or a building of suspense.
Example- When the industry continues to poison our air and waters, when the government turns a blind eye to the crimes of industry, the people must stand and say no more.

Answer 29

Periodic Sentence

Question 30

It starts with a main clause and then adds on an accumulation of other phrases and subordinate clauses; its structure might show a mind building upon or reflecting on an initial generalized thought.
Example- The night was scary as a blood red moon rose and a chilling wind crept through outstretched limbs of long dead trees.

Answer 30

Cumulative Sentence

Question 31

A caustic and bitter expression of strong disapproval. Sarcasm is personal and intended to hurt.

Answer 31

Sarcasm

Question 32

The use of words to convey a meaning that is the opposite of its literal meaning.

Answer 32

Verbal Irony

Question 33

A kind of extended metaphor or long simile in which an explicit comparison is made between two things (events, ideas, people) for the purpose of furthering a line of reasoning or drawing an inference.
Example: “Withdrawal of U.S. troops will become like salted peanuts to the American public; the more U.S. troops come home, the more will be demanded.”

Answer 33

Analogy

Question 34

Figurative language which gives human qualities and characteristics to non-human entities.
Examples: Father Time; The wind whispered; Open the jaws of the tomb.

Answer 34

Personification

Question 35

Something that is itself and also stands from something else.
Examples: A flag is a piece of cloth that stands for a country. :) stands for happiness.

Answer 35

Symbol

Question 36

The substitution of the name of an object closely associated with a word for the word itself. We commonly speak of the monarch as “the crown,” an object closely associated with royalty thus being made to stand for it.
Example: The White House made the decision.

Answer 36

Metonymy

Question 37

A figure of speech in which part of something is used to refer to its whole.
Examples: 50 head of cattle (meaning the 50 whole, complete animals). All hands on deck.

Answer 37

Synecdoche

Question 38

Literally meaning “against the person,” an ad hominem fallacy is a part of argumentation, and it does not address the soundness of another side’s argument, instead it attacks the character of a person who conveys that other side of the argument.
Example: Congressman Smithers supports the tax break for the rich, because he is a greedy jerk, and it will put money in his pocket.

Answer 38

Ad Hominem Fallacy

Question 39

An argumentative fallacy where language is used to appeal to everyone’s sense of wanting to belong or be accepted. It suggests that a person should act or think like everyone else because everyone else acts or thinks a certain way.
Example: Everyone at school wears high tops. You should too.

Answer 39

Bandwagon Appeal/ Fallacy

Question 40

A fallacy in argumentation in which language is used to suggest there are only two sides or perspectives in viewing an issue; it is a fallacy, because an issue is usually more complex than just seeing it from two sides or perspectives.

Answer 40

Either-or-Fallacy

Question 41

This is an argument that assumes that one action will lead to another similar action that in turn will lead to another and to another, ultimately resulting in something quite undesirable.
Example: In the beginning, only people with incurable, painful illnesses will request euthanasia. Then others with lesser conditions will request it. Before you know it, people with even minor illnesses will begin thinking of assisted death as a viable option. Assisted euthanasia will ultimately lead to mass suicide.

Answer 41

Slippery Slope-Fallacy