UNIT 6: REPRODUCTIVE CHOICES AND PREGNANCY

Question 1

explain human conception.

Answer 1

Human conception, also known as fertilization, occurs when a sperm cell from the male successfully penetrates and fuses with an egg cell from the female in the fallopian tube. This fusion forms a single-celled zygote, which begins to divide rapidly, eventually developing into an embryo. The embryo implants itself into the lining of the uterus, initiating pregnancy and further development.

Question 2

compare and contrast abstinence, outercourse, and contraceptive choices (permanent, prescribed, those available without a prescription, natural family planning) including factors such as success rates, advantages, disadvantages, and contraindications.

Answer 2

Abstinence:

-Success: 100% effective at preventing pregnancy and STIs when practiced consistently.
-Advantages: No cost or side effects, promotes abstinence until desired.
-Disadvantages: Requires commitment and communication in relationships.
-Contraindications: None; suitable for all individuals.

Outercourse:

-Success: Can reduce pregnancy risk but not 100% effective.
-Advantages: No risk of pregnancy when no genital contact occurs.
-Disadvantages: Limited protection against STIs, requires communication.
-Contraindications: None; suitable for all individuals, but not a standalone method.

Contraceptive Choices (Permanent, Prescribed, Over-the-counter, Natural Family Planning):

-Success: Varies; permanent methods are highly effective, while others depend on correct usage.
-Advantages: Different options to fit individual preferences and medical needs.
-Disadvantages: Some methods may have side effects or require consistent adherence.
-Contraindications: Vary by method and individual health factors; discuss with a healthcare provider.

Question 3

describe the methods used to terminate a pregnancy and outline the controversies associated with abortion in Canada

Answer 3

Methods used to terminate a pregnancy:

• Medication abortion (using abortion pills) up to 10 weeks gestation.
• Aspiration (suction) abortion up to 16 weeks gestation.
• Dilation and Evacuation (D&E) for later pregnancies.

Controversies associated with abortion in Canada:

• Debate on fetal rights and when life begins.
• Moral and religious objections to abortion.
• Access barriers in certain regions.
• Ongoing political and legal challenges.
• Striking a balance between individual autonomy and societal interests.

Question 4

identify the key issues to consider when planning a pregnancy.

Answer 4

1. Physical health and preconception care.
2. Emotional readiness and support.
3. Financial stability and childcare arrangements.
4. Lifestyle adjustments and potential risks.
5. Family planning methods and contraception use.
6. Parenting responsibilities and division of tasks.
7. Timing and work-related considerations.

Question 5

explain the importance of prenatal care, and describe the physical and emotional aspects of pregnancy.

Answer 5

Importance of prenatal care:

-Ensures the health and well-being of both the mother and baby.
-Early detection and management of potential complications.
-Education and support for expectant parents during pregnancy and childbirth.

Physical aspects of pregnancy:

-Growing uterus and fetal development.
-Hormonal changes affecting the body.
-Common discomforts like morning sickness, fatigue, and back pain.

Emotional aspects of pregnancy:

-Mixed emotions, including joy, anxiety, and mood swings.
-Bonding with the unborn baby.
-Nurturing a sense of responsibility and anticipation.

Question 6

describe the stages of childbirth, childbirth methods and options, as well as the complications that can arise during labour and delivery.

Answer 6

Stages of Childbirth:

Stage 1: Early labor (dilation of cervix), active labor (contractions intensify), and transition (fully dilated).
Stage 2: Pushing and delivery of the baby.
Stage 3: Expulsion of the placenta after birth.

Childbirth Methods and Options:

-Natural childbirth: No medical interventions, focusing on breathing and relaxation techniques.
-Medicated childbirth: Pain relief through epidural, analgesics, or other medications.
-Cesarean section (C-section): Surgical delivery when vaginal birth is not recommended or possible.

Complications during Labour and Delivery:

-Prolonged labor or failure to progress.
Fetal distress or abnormal heart rate.
-Shoulder dystocia (baby’s shoulder gets stuck).
-Postpartum hemorrhage (excessive bleeding after birth).
-Infection, high blood pressure, or complications with the placenta.

Question 7

describe some of the primary causes of and possible solutions to infertility in Canadians.

Answer 7

Primary causes of infertility in Canadians:

-Age-related factors (delayed childbearing).
-Hormonal imbalances and ovulation issues.
-Male factor issues (low sperm count or motility).
-Structural problems in the reproductive organs.
-Chronic health conditions or infections.

Possible solutions to infertility:

-Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART) like in vitro fertilization (IVF).
Hormone therapy or fertility medications.
-Lifestyle changes (diet, exercise, reducing stress).
-Surgery to correct structural abnormalities.
-Donor sperm or egg, surrogacy, or adoption.

Individualized fertility assessments and treatment plans are essential to address specific causes and optimize chances of conception.