Unit 6 Patho - Exam 3 Flashcards
What is the definition of micturition?
Micturition is the process of urination.
What coordinates the relaxation of the internal sphincter and contraction of the bladder during micturition?
The pontine micturition center.
How does the cerebral cortex affect micturition?
It primarily inhibits the process through conscious control of the external sphincter.
What prevents the bladder from emptying until a certain pressure is reached?
The internal sphincter.
What allows for voluntary emptying of the bladder?
The external sphincter.
What creates a hostile environment for bacteria in the urinary tract?
Acidic pH and the presence of urea in the urine.
What are the bacteriostatic secretions in men that help prevent infection?
Prostatic secretions.
What do glands in the distal urethra secrete in women to prevent bacterial spread?
Mucus.
What is urinalysis used for?
It is an essential lab test for all suspected problems of the GU system.
What might dark, strong-smelling urine indicate?
Decreased renal function.
What generally indicates an infectious process in urine?
Cloudy, pungent urine.
What should be recorded in a bladder diary?
Time, frequency, and volume of micturition, and incidents of incontinence.
What is the primary organism responsible for community cases of bacterial cystitis?
Escherichia coli.
What are common clinical manifestations of cystitis?
Frequency, urgency, dysuria, suprapubic pain, pink or cloudy urine.
What is acute pyelonephritis often caused by?
Obstruction or ureteral reflux.
What are common risk factors for acute pyelonephritis?
Pregnancy, diabetes mellitus, anatomical abnormalities, obstructive causes.
What is a classic sign of acute pyelonephritis?
Flank pain.
What are the phases of acute tubular necrosis?
Prodromal phase, oliguria phase, post-oliguric phase.
What is defined as an increase in serum creatinine by >0.3 mg/dL within 48 hours?
Acute Kidney Injury (AKI).
What are the three types of kidney injury in acute kidney injury?
Pre-renal, intrinsic/intra-renal, post-renal.
What are the stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD)?
1- kidney damage with normal GFR, 2- mildly decreased GFR, 3- moderately decreased GFR, 4- severely decreased GFR, 5- end-stage kidney disease.
What is nephrotic syndrome characterized by?
Urinary elimination of > 3 to 3.5 grams of protein per day.
What are common causes of nephrotic syndrome?
- Idiopathic focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
- Membranous nephropathy
- Diabetes mellitus.
What is autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD)?
The most common hereditary cystic kidney disease involving both kidneys.
What is the average age of diagnosis in the HALT Progression of Polycystic Kidney Disease trial?
27 years.
What are the types of peritoneal dialysis?
- Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD)
- Continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis (CCPD).
What is a major complication of peritoneal dialysis?
Peritonitis.
What is the role of the RIFLE classification system?
To classify the severity of kidney injury and patient outcomes.
What is the primary reason for initiating dialysis?
The development of uremia.
What is the expected outcome of chronic kidney disease (CKD)?
Progression to end-stage renal disease (ESRD).
What is the process of exchanging dialysate in Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis (CAPD)?
2 quarts of dialysate are infused into the peritoneum through a catheter, remaining for 4-5 hours before being drained and discarded.
How does Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis (CAPD) allow patients to manage their daily activities?
While the dialysate resides in the peritoneal cavity, patients have more freedom to continue usual activities at work, school, or home.
What is Continuous Cycling Peritoneal Dialysis (CCPD)?
A dialysis method where each cycle during sleep lasts 1.5 hours, allowing for home treatment and continued daily activities.
What is a potential serious complication of peritoneal dialysis?
Peritonitis.
What type of patients is Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy (CRRT) used for?
In-hospital AKI patients.
How does Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy (CRRT) filter and dialyze blood?
It performs continuous hemofiltration and hemodialysis without interruption.
Who is CRRT designed for?
Patients not hemodynamically stable enough to tolerate large quantities of blood removed during typical hemodialysis.
