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BIO 142 > Unit 6 Module Questions > Flashcards

Unit 6 Module Questions Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Food does not normally come in contact with the _____, but they are involved in secretion and digestion.

A

accessory organs

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2
Q

The circular arrangement of muscles around an opening that controls the passage of material through the alimentary canal is known as a __________.

A

sphincter

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3
Q

The crown of a tooth is covered by __________.

A

enamel

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4
Q

The three phases of swallowing, in order, are:

A

voluntary phase, pharyngeal phase, and esophageal phase.

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5
Q

The ____ of teeth is composed of material most similar to bone.

A

cementum

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6
Q

The ____ is the space between the lips and cheeks.

A

vestibule

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7
Q

The layers of the alimentary canal, from innermost to outer layer, are:

A

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa.

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8
Q

The main function of the tongue during digestion is to __________.

A

help turn food into a bolus and push the bolus posteriorly during swallowing

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9
Q

Which of the following functions of the digestive system allows for food and liquids to pass from one organ to the next?

A

Propulsion

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10
Q

Which of the following organs is part of the alimentary canal?

A

Esophagus

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11
Q

What separates the oral cavity from the nasal cavity?

A

Hard palate and soft palate

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12
Q

What creates the mesentery?

A

Visceral peritoneum

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13
Q

The digestive organs arterial blood supply does not come from the ______.

A

hepatic portal vein

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14
Q

Saliva is produced by all of the following glands except __________.

A

esophageal glands

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15
Q

The _____ covers the abdominal organs like an apron.

A

greater omentum

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16
Q

What is the main job of the pharynx?

A

Propulsion

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17
Q

Carbohydrate digestion begins in the __________.

A

mouth

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18
Q

Motility through the alimentary canal consists of all the following different types except __________.

A

mastication

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19
Q

The _____ forms the outer tissue layer of some abdominal organs.

A

visceral peritoneum

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20
Q

The third set of molars are more commonly known as _____.

A

wisdom teeth

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21
Q

As a bolus moves down the esophagus, its movement into the stomach is regulated by the __________.

A

gastroesophageal sphincter

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22
Q

Which of the following is not part of the alimentary canal?

A

pancreas

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23
Q

Which of the following statements is incorrect?

A

Defecation involves the sympathetic nervous system.

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24
Q

What are rugae?

A

Folds of the mucosa of the stomach

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25
Q

Which process is a squeezing motion of the circular layer of smooth muscle in the small intestine?

A

segmantation

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26
Q

Which section of the large intestine begins at the splenic flexure?

A

Descending colon

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27
Q

The main functions of the ____ are churning, peristalsis, storage, and chemical digestion with the enzyme pepsin.

A

stomach

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28
Q

The most active site for chemical digestion and absorption is the ____.

A

jejunum

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29
Q

Which segment of the small intestine receives chyme from the stomach?

A

Duodenum

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30
Q

The ____ are the smallest folds in the small intestine that create the appearance of a brush border.

A

Microvilli

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31
Q

The _____ of the small intestine facilitate its role in digestion and absorption.

A

circular folds

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32
Q

The longitudinal ribbons of smooth muscle visible on the outer surfaces of the colon just beneath the serosa are the _____.

A

taeniae coli

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33
Q

The final process to occur in the alimentary canal is __________.

A

defecation

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34
Q

What is released by the enteroendocrine cells of the gastric glands?

A

gastrin

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35
Q

What region of the stomach does food first enter after its passage through the relaxed gastroesophageal sphincter?

A

cardia

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36
Q

The ____ is the terminal portion of the stomach.

A

pylorus

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37
Q

Place the structures of the large intestine listed in their correct sequence, starting at the cecum and ending at the rectum.

right colic flexure
sigmoid colon
ascending colon
transverse colon
left colic flexure
descending colon
A

3,1,4,5,6,2

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38
Q

The smell, sight, or even thought of food can activate the ____ of gastric acid secretion in the stomach.

A

cephalic

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39
Q

The acid pH of the gastric juice is caused by the secretion of hydrochloric acid from the _____.

A

parietal cells

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40
Q

Gastric pressure increases and stomach and intestinal contents are propelled in the opposite direction during ____.

A

vomiting

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41
Q

Which of the following features does not increase surface area in the small intestine?

A

Rugae

42
Q

What can we consciously control about the defecation reflex?

A

Relaxation of the external anal sphincter

43
Q

If a mutation prevents the formation of oxaloacetate, which of the following processes will be impaired?

A

Citric acid cycle

44
Q

What molecule is both the starting compound and end result of the citric acid cycle?

A

Oxaloacetate

45
Q

Which of the following statements is not true of glycolysis?

A

Four molecules of NADH are spent.

46
Q

Which of the following terms best summarizes ATP hydrolysis?

A

Exergonic

47
Q

Which of the following processes takes place in the cytosol of a human cell?

A

glycolysis

48
Q

When is carbon dioxide produced during glucose catabolism?

A

Intermediate step and citric acid cycle

49
Q

What is required for glucose catabolism to proceed beyond glycolysis?

A

Oxygen

50
Q

Which of the following products is made in the citric acid cycle?

A

FADH2

51
Q

What is the general equation for cellular respiration?

A

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + 38 ATP

52
Q

Which of the following products is not the result of ATP hydrolysis?

A

Adenosine

53
Q

What is the maximum number of ATP produced when one glucose is completely oxidized?

A

38 ATP

54
Q

Which of the following statements is not true of glycolysis?

A

Four molecules of NADH are spent.

55
Q

Which of the following processes does not occur during the absorptive state?

A

Ketogenesis in hepatocytes converts fatty acids to ketone bodies and releases them into the blood.

56
Q

What molecule cannot be used for gluconeogenesis?

A

fatty acid

57
Q

During lipogenesis, fatty acids are synthesized from _______________.

A

acetyl-CoA

58
Q

From which of the following precursors are ketone bodies assembled during ketogenesis?

A

acetyl-CoA

59
Q

What are the two main storage materials for nutrient energy in the body?

A

glycogen and adipose

60
Q

Which of the following molecules will not be converted to fat by lipogenesis?

A

nucleic acids

61
Q

Where does gluconeogenesis occur?

A

liver and kidneys

62
Q

Which of the following molecules results from the lipolysis of a triglyceride?

A

Glycerol and fatty acids

63
Q

The release of urea in the urine is a mechanism for the body to rid itself of ________.

A

ammonia

64
Q

The majority of the body’s energy is stored as ________.

A

triglycerides

65
Q

What two products can be generated from the transamination of an amino acid?

A

Carbon skeleton and glutamate

66
Q

Which of the following chemicals is a waste product from amino acid catabolism?

A

urea

67
Q

What happens to excess amino acids?

A

converted to glucose and fatty acids

68
Q

What process catabolizes fatty acids?

A

B-oxidation

69
Q

What part of a triglyceride undergoes ß-oxidation?

A

Fatty acids

70
Q

What causes phenylketonuria?

A

A deficiency of an enzyme that breaks down the amino acid phenylalanine

71
Q

If a patient has ketoacidosis resulting from uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, then they must use _______________ to generate ATP.

A

fatty acids

72
Q

The liver cannot metabolize ___________ in any significant amount.

A

ketone bodies

73
Q

Heat is exchanged between the body and the environment by all of the following mechanisms except ________.

A

precipitation

74
Q

What is the primary function of copper in the body?

A

Component of coenzymes of the electron transport chain

75
Q

Thermoregulation involves a steady core body temperature near ________.

A

99.5

76
Q

Vitamins are classified as:

A

micronutrients

77
Q

A patient with a body mass index (BMI) of 28 will be classified as __________.

A

overweight

78
Q

Which type of lipoprotein transfers cholesterol from the cells in peripheral tissues to the liver for inclusion as part of bile?

A

HDLS

79
Q

Fruits, honey, candy, and juices are dietary sources of ________.

A

monosaccharides and disaccharides

80
Q

Water-soluble vitamins are absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract with water and polar solutes. What water-soluble vitamin is the exception?

A

Vitamin B12

81
Q

What percentage of the total caloric intake should be carbohydrates?

A

45–65%

82
Q

Which of the following food sources is a poor source of minerals?

A

High-fat foods

83
Q

Which of the following body temperatures is recognized as the defining temperature for hyperthermia?

A

38.3 °C (101 °F) or higher

84
Q

Which of the following micronutrients is considered a major mineral?

A

Sulfur

85
Q

Which of the following is not a lobe of the liver?

A

Falciform ligament

86
Q

What is responsible for the emulsification of lipids in the duodenum?

A

bile

87
Q

Damaged hepatocytes will impair __________.

A

bile production

88
Q

Lacteals __________.

A

absorb the products of fat digestion

89
Q

The process by which bile breaks up large fat droplets into smaller ones is called __________.

A

emulsification

90
Q

Which of the following ducts does not transport bile?

A

Accessory pancreatic duct

91
Q

Which of the following proteolytic enzymes is not found in pancreatic juice?

A

Pepsin

92
Q

Which of the following sequences is the correct flow of blood through the liver to the inferior vena cava?

A

Hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein – portal triad – hepatic sinusoids – central vein – hepatic vein

93
Q

The _____ ligament is on the ventral surface of the liver and divides the liver into right and left lobes.

A

Falciform

94
Q

Bile is produced by the ___ and stored in the ____.

A

liver; gallbladder

95
Q

Which organ functions to absorb significant quantities of water, electrolytes, and vitamins?

A

Large intestine

96
Q

The acidic chyme is neutralized as it enters the small intestine by ____.

A

pancreatic juice

97
Q

In which portion of the alimentary canal is chyme mixed with pancreatic juice and bile?

A

Duodenum

98
Q

The portal triad of the liver contains all the following structures except __________.

A

hepatic sinusoids

99
Q

Within the enterocytes, lipids are reassembled into triglycerides and packaged into ______.

A

chylomicrons

100
Q

The pancreatic duct and the common bile duct unite to enter the duodenum at the ____.

A

hepatopancreatic ampulla

101
Q

The acinar cells of the pancreas secrete their exocrine products into small ducts that drain into the __________.

A

main pancreatic and accessory pancreatic duct

102
Q

The majority of triglyceride digestion occurs in the small intestine facilitated by the enzyme ____.

A

pancreatic lipase

BIO 142 (2 decks)

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