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Biology > Unit 6 - Mitosis & Meiosis > Flashcards

Unit 6 - Mitosis & Meiosis Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Cell cycle

A

A cycle of growth, development, and division that most cells in an organism go through.

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2
Q

Interphase

A

1st phase of the cell cycle (starts before mitosis) - divided into three stages

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3
Q

Prophase

A

1st stage of mitosis - Chromatin condenses into chromosomes. Formation of spindle fibers, centrioles migrate to polls, and the nuclear envelope breaks down

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4
Q

Metaphase

A

2nd stage of mitosis- chromosomes align themselves along the equator of the cell. Spindle fibers attach to the centromere of chromosomes

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5
Q

Anaphase

A

3rd stage of mitosis - sister chromatids separate from one another. Spindle fibers shorten, pulling the sister chromatids to opposite poles of the cell.

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6
Q

Telophase

A

Last and 4th stage of mitosis - A complete set of chromosomes now at each pole of the cell. Nuclear envelopes begin to reform, and spindle fibers fall apart.

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7
Q

Cytokinesis

A

The division of the cytoplasm and other cell contents. Produces two identical “daughter cells.”

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8
Q

Sister Chromatid

A

A cloned chromosome

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9
Q

Centriole

A

Controls the cell during mitosis

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10
Q

Centromere

A

Holds the chromosomes together

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11
Q

G1

A

Interphase - Cells grow, carry out normal functions, and replicate organelles. Longest phase.

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12
Q

S

A

Interphase - DNA is replicated in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells

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13
Q

G2

A

Interphase - cell continues to do its normal job and growth continues

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14
Q

M

A

Interphase - The division of the cell nucleus and its contents

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15
Q

Somatic cells

A

Body cells ( blood cells, muscle cells, skin cells, etc.)

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16
Q

Gamete cells

A

In animals: sperm and egg cells

  • The DNA in gamete cells is passed onto the next generation
17
Q

Diploid

A

A cell that contains both chromosomes of a homologous pair

18
Q

Haploid

A

Having only one chromosome of each homologous pair

19
Q

Homologous chromosomes

A

2 chromosomes ( 1 from mother, 1 from father) that code for the same genes

  • The genes on homologous chromosomes may code for different alleles - different versions of the genes they carry
20
Q

Autosomes

A

Chromosomes # 1–22. Contain genes for an organism’s physical features

21
Q

Sex chromosomes

A

Chromosome #23; Determines sex

22
Q

Meiosis l

A

Separates homologous chromosomes. Produces two daughter cells that are haploid (n) with replicated chromosomes.

23
Q

Prophase l

A

Chromosomes become visible, nuclear envelope breaks down, and crossing-over occurs, and chromosomes are forming a tetrad

24
Q

Metaphase l

A

Pairs of homologous chromosomes move to the equator of the cell

25
Q

Anaphase l

A

Homologous chromosomes move to the opposite poles of the separating cell

26
Q

Telophase l

A

Chromosomes gather at the poles of the cell followed by Cytokinesis forming 2 daughter cells

27
Q

Meiosis ll

A

Separates sister chromatids. Produces 4 daughter cells that are haploid (n) single (non-replicated) chromosomes

28
Q

Prophase ll

A

A new spindle fibers forms and moves to opposite poles of the cell, nuclear membrane dissolves, and non-additional DNA is replicated

29
Q

Metaphase ll

A

Chromosomes line up at the equator

30
Q

Anaphase ll

A

Centromeres divide and chromatids move to opposite poles of the cell separating chromosomes

31
Q

Telophase ll

A

Nuclear envelope forms around each set of chromosomes followed by cytokinesis forming 4 haploid daughter cells

32
Q

Crossing over

A

During prophase 1 —> when homologous pairs match up in prophase 1, they will exchange parts of DNA with their partner

33
Q

Law of independent assortment

A

Law of independent assortment —> when homologous pairs line up in metaphase 1, it is completely random which partner lines up on either side of the equator and may be different every time.

34
Q

Random fertilization

A

Random fertilization —> during fertilization, it is completely random which of the male’s sperm cells will fertilize the females egg cell

Biology (3 decks)

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