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Biology > Unit 6: Human Health And Physiology > Flashcards

Unit 6: Human Health And Physiology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Antigen

A

Any surface protein that may elicit an immune response or recognition

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1
Q

Pathogen

A

Any disease- producing agent (especially a virus or bacterium or other micro organisms)

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2
Q

Digestion

A

The organic process by which food is converted into substances that can be absorbed into the body

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3
Q

Enzymes

A

Proteins that speed up chemical reactions in the body

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4
Q

Amylase

A

Enzyme found in saliva and pancreatic juice that breaks the chemical bonds in starches

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5
Q

Protease

A

Enzyme that speeds up the breakdown of proteins into amino acids produced by the stomach, small intestine, and pancreas

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6
Q

Lipase

A

An enzyme secreted in the digestive tract that catalysed the breakdown of fats into individual fatty acids that can be absorbed into the bloodstream

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7
Q

Stomach

A

An organ of the digestive system that stores food and performs early steps of digestion

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8
Q

Small intestine

A

Organ that completes the chemical digestion of food and absorbs the nutrients

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9
Q

Large intestine

A

The last section of the digestive system, where water is absorbed from food and the remaining material is eliminated from the body

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10
Q

Absorption

A

The process of absorbing nutrients into the body after digestion

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11
Q

Assimilation

A

The process where cells absorb nutrients and use them for what the body needs

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12
Q

Villus

A

Finger like projection of the inner surface of the small intestine that functions in absorbing nutrients

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13
Q

Heart

A

Multi-chambered, muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body

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14
Q

Coronary arteries

A

The two arteries that supply oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle

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15
Q

Myogenic

A

Describes muscle tissue (heart muscle) that generates it’s own contractions (without neurone impulse)

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16
Q

Pacemaker

A

A specialised bit of heart tissue that controls the heartbeat

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17
Q

Nerves

A

Any bundle of fibres belonging to the nervous system that transmits sensations and messages between the brain and other parts of the body

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18
Q

Medulla

A

Part of the brain nearest the spinal cord (base of brainstem) which controls breathing, heart rate and blood pressure, the inner part of an organ or structure in plant or animal

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19
Q

Epinephrine

A

Adrenaline; effect sympathetic nervous system in stress response

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20
Q

Arteries

A

Blood vessels that carry oxygenated-blood away from the heart

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21
Q

Capillaries

A

The smallest blood vessels which connect the smallest arteries with the smallest veins. Nourishment and fluid normally trapped in thick walled arteries and veins can easily pass through the delicate walls of the capillaries

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22
Q

Veins

A

Blood vessels that carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart

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23
Q

Plasma

A

Liquid portion of blood made up of water, dissolved salts, proteins, and other substances

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24
Q

Erythrocyte

A

A red blood cell; they are filled with hemoglobin, and the function of the erythocytes is to carry oxygen in the blood

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25
Q

Leukocyte

A

White blood cell that protects the body from invasion of harmful substances (I.e. Infection)

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26
Q

Platelet

A

A blood cell fragment that plays an important part in forming blood clots

27
Q

Antibiotics

A

Chemicals that inhibit the growth of or kill other microorganisms

28
Q

Virus

A

A in living, infectious particle composed of a nucleic acid and a protein coat; it can invade and destroy a cell

29
Q

Bacteria

A

Prokaryotic, one-celled organisms. Some transmit diseases. Most act as decomposes and get the nutrients they need by breaking down complex organic compounds in the tissues of living or dead organisms into simpler inorganic nutrient compounds

30
Q

Phagocytic

A

The process by which cells surround and digest certain particles

31
Q

Antibodies

A

Protein that is produced by lymphocytes and that attaches to a specific antigen that aid in destroying infectious diseases

32
Q

HIV

A

The virus that causes acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS); it replicates and kills helper T-cells

33
Q

AIDS

A

A syndrome cause by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that renders immune cells ineffective, permitting opportunistic infections, malignancies, and neurologic diseases to develop; transmitted sexually or through contaminated blood

34
Q

Ventilation

A

The bodily process of inhalation and exhalation; the process of inhaling oxygen and exhaling carbon dioxide

35
Q

Gas exchange

A

Breathing, transport of gases, and exchange of gases with tissue cells; provides O2 for cellular respiration and removes it’s waste product, CO2

36
Q

Alveoli

A

Tiny sacs of lung tissue specialised for the movement of gases between aid and blood

37
Q

Trachea

A

The windpipe; a passage through which air moves in the respiratory system

38
Q

Lungs

A

Two spongy organs, located in the thoracic cavity enclosed by the diaphragm and rib cage, responsible for respiration

39
Q

Bronchi

A

Two short branches located at the lower end of the trachea that carry air into the lungs

40
Q

Bronchioles

A

Progressively smaller tubular branches of the airways

41
Q

Diaphragm

A

Large, flat muscle at the bottom of the chest cavity that helps with breathing

42
Q

Central nervous system

A

The Braun and spinal cord; the control centre of the body

43
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

The sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body

44
Q

Dendrite

A

The bushy, branching extensions of a neuron that relieve messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body

45
Q

Axon

A

The extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibres, through which messages pass to other neurons or glands

46
Q

Myelin sheath

A

A layer of fatty tissue segment ally encasing the fibres of many neurons; enables vastly greater transmission speed of a neural impulses as the impulse hops from one node to the next

47
Q

Nodes of ranvier

A

Spaces between segments of myelin on the axons if neurons

48
Q

Motor end

A

The highly-excitable region of muscle fiber plasma membrane responsible for initiation of action potentials across the muscle’s surface

49
Q

Nerve impulse

A

The electrical discharge that travels along a nerve fiber

50
Q

Relay neuron

A

An interneuron which connects afferent neurons and efferent neurons in neural pathways

51
Q

Motor neuron

A

This carried information from the brain to the muscles; also called “efferent”

52
Q

Resting potential

A

The potential difference between the two sides of the membrane of a nerve cell when the cell is not conducting an impulse

53
Q

Action potential

A

A neural implies; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon. The action potential is generated by the movement of positively charged atoms in and out of channels in the axon’s membrane

54
Q

Endocrine system

A

Collection of glands that secrete hormones into the blood which regulate growth, development, and homeostasis

55
Q

Homeostasis

A

Metabolic equilibrium actively maintained by several complex biological mechanisms that operate via the autonomic nervous system to offset disrupting changes

56
Q

Negative feedback

A

A primary mechanism of homeostasis, whereby a change I a physiological variable that is being monitored triggers a response that counteracts the initial fluctuation

57
Q

Diabetes

A

A condition of abnormal use of glucose, usually caused by too little insulin or lack of response to insulin

58
Q

Male reproductive system

A

Produces make sex cells (sperm) and mail hormones (e.g. testosterone), transfers sperm to the female

59
Q

Female reproductive system

A

Produces female sex cells (ocytes) and female hormones (e.g. Estrogen and progesterone); receives sperm from male; site of growth and development of an embryo and fetus

60
Q

FSH

A

Follicle stimulating hormone; a gonadotropic hormone that is secreted by the anterior pituitary and stimulates growth of Graafian follicles in female mammals. And activates sperm-forming cells in make mammals

61
Q

LH

A

Luteinizing hormone, a gonadotropic hormone that is secreted by the anterior pituitary; stimulates ovulation in female mammals and androgen release in male mammals

62
Q

Estranged

A

A general term for female steroid sex hormones that are secreted by the ovary and responsible for typical female sexual characteristics

63
Q

Progesterone

A

A hormone produced by the ovaries which acts with estrogen to bring about the menstrual cycle; prepares and maintains uterus for pregnancy

64
Q

Endometrium

A

The mucous membrane that lines the inner wall of the uterus

65
Q

In vitro Fertilisation

A

The most common assisted reproduction procedure, in which a woman’s eggs are mixed with sperm in culture dishes (in vitro) and then carefully inserted into a woman’s uterus

66
Q

Testosterone

A

The most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional restoring in makes stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty

Biology (5 decks)

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