UNIT 6 EXAM!

Question 1

There is a diversity of shapes, sizes, colors, habitats, due to…

Answer 1

substrate, nutrients, available space

Question 2

invertebrates

Answer 2

no backbone

Question 3

vertebrates

Answer 3

backbone

Question 4

__% of all animal species are _____________

Answer 4

97%; invertebrates

Question 5

Why are invertebrates important?

Answer 5

economic value (food, medicine, jewelry), part of the food web, fastest escape mechanisms, enormous sized invertebrate, highly intelligent

Question 6

Phylum Porifera

Answer 6

Sponges

Question 7

Sponges

Answer 7

• structurally simplest multicellular animals
• complex aggregation of specialized cells
• no true tissues or organs, all are sessile (attached to substrate)

Question 8

Ostia

Answer 8

Small pores where water enters

Question 9

Osculum

Answer 9

Large opening where water exits

Question 10

Atrium

Answer 10

Body Cavity

Question 11

Choanocytes

Answer 11

collar cells; line chambers that beat flagella to pump water through sponge, collar traps food particles

Question 12

spongin

Answer 12

elastic protein that makes up body of many sponges

Question 13

spicules

Answer 13

calcareous or siliceous structures that provide structural support and discourage predators

Question 14

amoebocytes

Answer 14

delivers nutrients to other cells, can differentiate into different cells

Question 15

sclerocyte

Answer 15

secretes silica to form spicules

Question 16

pinacocytes

Answer 16

outer layer

Question 17

4 sponge types

Answer 17

1. Encrusting
2. Glass - silica spicules
3. Boring
4. Sclerosponges - calcium carbonate spicules

Question 18

How do sponges feed

Answer 18

Suspension feeders - filter feeders
- pump water across filter, ingest plankton and organic particles
- important consumers of particles in many areas

Question 19

How do sponges reproduce

Answer 19

Asexual: fragmentation + budding
Sexual:
- hermaphroditic - contain both sperm + egg
- spawning - larva - settlement - metamorphosis

Question 20

Phylum Cnidaria

Answer 20

Stinging Cell:
- sea jellies
- corals
- anemones

Question 21

Cnidaria Body Plan

Answer 21

• true tissues
• perform specific function

Question 22

Cnidaria Radial Symmetry

Answer 22

• oral surface
• aboral surface

Question 23

Cnidaria Body Forms

Answer 23

• polyp
• medusa

Question 24

Cnidaria Body Plan Specific

Answer 24

3 layers:
1. Epidermis
2. Mesoglea - jelly
3. Gastrodermis
Systems:
1. nervous system
2. digestive system

Question 25

Cnidocytes (Cnidaria Body Plan)

Answer 25

stinging cells: - defense - prey capture - contain nematocysts

Question 26

Nematocysts

Answer 26

stinging capsules

Question 27

Cnidaria Reproduction

Answer 27

- alteration of generations: cycle through different body forms - asexual: budding - sexual

Question 28

Class Hydrozoa - Hydroids POLYP FORM

Answer 28

polyp forms: - often colonial - small specialized for feeding, reproduction, + defense - some produce small medusae that produce gametes - ciliated free - swimming planula larva --> polyp

Question 29

Class Hydrozoa - Hydroids MEDUSA FORMS

Answer 29

- small - may be colonial - siphonophores - colonial (i.e. portuguese man of war) - specialized polyps for swimming, feeding, + reproduction

Question 30

Class Scyphozoa - Sea Jelly

Answer 30

- lots of mesoglea - medusa stage dominant: - polyps very small - strobilation - juvenile medusae start contracting and swim off - polyp stage absent sometimes - medusae may get very large - bell, tentacles, capillata (Lion's Mane) - tentacles more than 2m in diameter - tentacles to 60+m long - swim but not against currents, waves, or tides, by contracting bell rhythmically (pulsating contractions)

Question 31

Class Anthozoa - Sea anenomes

Answer 31

- no medusa stage - polyps more complex than in other classes - passive suspension feeders and predators - solitary forms - sea anemones - polyps may be very large

Question 32

Class Anthozoa - corals

Answer 32

- colonial forms: corals - stony corals - branching and doming (massive) - some build reefs in tropics

Question 33

Class Anthozoa - soft corals

Answer 33

- gorgonians: tough protein skeleton - precious corals: protein skeleton + spicules - sea pens: no skeleton - sea pansies: no skeleton; some bioluminescent

Question 34

Class Cubozoa

Answer 34

- Sea wasps, Box jellyfish - Small medusae – have clusters of 4 tentacles - Life cycles poorly known; include polyp stage - Highly toxic – virulent nematocysts - Eat fish, worms, arthropods - Have simplified eyes (light)

Question 35

Phyla Ctenophora

Answer 35

- comb jellies: - exclusively marine - radial or bilateral symmetry - eight rows of ciliary combs - ctene - fused cilia - used for swimming - carnivorous: - lack cnidocytes/nematocysts - capture prey w sticky colloblasts - may occur in swarms: - heavy predators on plankton, including fish larvae