unit 6 cognition

Question 1

An intermediate level of processing that involves using the sound of information to be remembered to aid in memory.

Answer 1

acoustic encoding

Question 2

A problem-solving method which attempts every possible option to a problem and guarantees the correct solution.

Answer 2

algorithm

Question 3

The inability to create new memories while older memories remain intact. This usually occurs because of a traumatic brain injury or stroke.

Answer 3

anterograde amnesia

Question 4

A problem-solving strategy which attempts to find a solution by considering the first information that comes into one’s mind, this shortcut may lead to an incorrect conclusion.

Answer 4

availability heuristic

Question 5

The tendency to reject conflicting evidence and stick to one’s original thoughts even in the face of contradictory information.

Answer 5

belief perserverance

Question 6

The process of separating large amounts of information into smaller, more manageable parts in order to increase the amount of information that can be held in short-term memory.

Answer 6

chunking

Question 7

A type of retrieval cue in which memory is improved when individuals are in the same place that the information was originally encoded.

Answer 7

context specific learning

Question 8

An approach to problem-solving which results in one correct solution.

Answer 8

convergent thinking

Question 9

The ability to generate original and workable solutions or ideas to a problem.

Answer 9

creativity

Question 10

A concept proposed by Raymond Cattell which refers to a person’s collected knowledge that continues to increase with age.

Answer 10

crystallized intelligence

Question 11

A technique for learning in which material to be remembered is broken up across several sessions during multiple time periods and has much higher retention rates than cramming.

Answer 11

distributed practice

Question 12

An approach to problem-solving that involves creating multiple possible solutions to a problem and thinking outside of the box. This is often associated with creativity.

Answer 12

divergent thinking

Question 13

A type of sensory memory in which an auditory stimulus disappears within a few seconds after it has been removed and will not be recalled unless one has attended to the sound in an effort to transfer it to short-term memory.

Answer 13

echoic memory

Question 14

Adding the maximum number of associations to a concept to aid memory.

Answer 14

elaborative rehearsal

Question 15

The process of placing new information into memory.

Answer 15

encoding

Question 16

A type of explicit (declarative) long-term memory for an experience or event from one’s life. Examples include remembering one’s graduation or fifth birthday party.

Answer 16

episodic memory

Question 17

Categories of long-term memories that can be consciously recalled. These may include both semantic and episodic memories.

Answer 17

explicit (declarative) memories

Question 18

Vivid, long-lasting episodic memories which are generally associated with a significant personal or collective events. Even though these memories are robust, they are generally no more accurate than other types of memories.

Answer 18

flashbulb memories

Question 19

A concept created by Raymond Cattell which involves the ability to solve unique tasks and respond quickly to novel cognitive tasks. This ability generally decreases after middle age.

Answer 19

fluid intelligence

Question 20

The way in which a question is worded which may impact on what types of responses, potentially leading to the misinformation effect. For example, if an investigator asks a person what type of gun a suspect had during a crime, it automatically suggests a gun was present.

Answer 20

framing effect

Question 21

A challenge in problem solving because one can only think of objects according to their most common uses. This may result in low levels of creativity and may inhibit one’s problem-solving abilities.

Answer 21

functional fixedness

Question 22

A shortcut or rule of thumb for solving a problem that saves time but that does not guarantee the correct response.

Answer 22

heuristic

Question 23

A type of sensory memory in which a visual stimulus will be forgotten within a few seconds unless it is attended to and transferred to short-term memory.

Answer 23

iconic memory

Question 24

Types of long-term memories which one knows but cannot recall precisely where the skill or information was learned.

Answer 24

implicit (non declarative) memories

Question 25

The sudden realization of the answer to a problem one is attempting to solve.

Answer 25

insight

Question 26

The potentially endless and relatively permanent warehouse for memories.

Answer 26

long term memory

Question 27

A memory technique in which one repeats information to be remembered over and over again. This results in a shallow level of processing and the information is generally forgotten rather quickly.

Answer 27

maintenance rehersal

Question 28

Thinking about one’s own thinking. This is often employed by cognitive psychologists to help understand problem-solving strategies.

Answer 28

metacognition

Question 29

A mnemonic device that involves mentally walking through a familiar location and placing items to be recalled in certain areas of that location (rooms of a house). Generally, it is far easier to recall the items as this technique relies on robust visual memories and associates those with familiar information (the rooms in one’s home).

Answer 29

method of loci

Question 30

A phenomenon that occurs when a person recalls inaccurate or misleading information from another source other than the one from which they are trying to retrieve the memory.

Answer 30

misinformation effect

Question 31

A memory technique which works by associating already learned information with information one is attempting to learn. Examples include, visual imagery, or acronyms to assist in memory.

Answer 31

mnemonic device

Question 32

The ease in which an individual remembers information when they are in the same emotional condition as when they learned the information.

Answer 32

mood congruent memory

Question 33

A method of learning that involves rehearsing information beyond the point of perfect recitation, which reduces or eliminates the impact of the forgetting curve.

Answer 33

overlearning

Question 34

The tendency for items at the beginning of a list to have higher rates of recall than those later in the sequence when trying to remember a list that exceeds the capacity of short-term memory.

Answer 34

primacy effect

Question 35

The presentation of a sensory stimulus to aid recall. For example, to help someone remember the words to a song, you sing the first few words.

Answer 35

priming

Question 36

Forgetting newer information because older, similar information is blocking the creation of new memories.

Answer 36

proactive interference

Question 37

The knowledge of the skills required to complete a given task, such as knowing how to skateboard.

Answer 37

procedural memories

Question 38

A type of memory which involves remembering to do something in the future, such as remembering to pick up groceries on the way home from work.

Answer 38

prospective memory

Question 39

The best representation of a given category. For example, a car is generally a more frequent example of a vehicle than a boat.

Answer 39

prototype

Question 40

A type of memory recovery in which a person must bring back detailed information without any assistance or cues.

Answer 40

recall

Question 41

The tendency to recall items at the end of a list more easily than items at the beginning of the list when items to be recalled exceeds the capacity of short-term memory.

Answer 41

recency effect

Question 42

A type of memory recovery in which a person must identify the correct response from several possible choices presented.

Answer 42

recognition

Question 43

A problem-solving shortcut used for making judgments about a person or event based on how closely it matches one’s prototype or best example of a category.

Answer 43

representativeness heuristic

Question 44

The process of recovering or locating information stored in memory.

Answer 44

retrieval

Question 45

Memory failure for older memories because similar, recently learned information gets in the way of the recovery of older memories.

Answer 45

retroactive interference

Question 46

The loss of information for events and information that occurred before the onset of amnesia.

Answer 46

retrograde amnesia

Question 47

A cognitive structure for organizing information which aids perception and problem- solving and often develops from interaction with one’s environment to help to create expectations about life experiences.

Answer 47

schema

Question 48

One’s general accumulation of knowledge. This can be related to a dictionary or encyclopedia representing what a person knows.

Answer 48

semantic memories

Question 49

The first stage in the memory process that includes iconic and echoic memories which last only a few seconds if no effort is made to recall the information.

Answer 49

sensory memories

Question 50

This theory poses that one is more likely to recall items at the beginning and the end of the list better than those in the middle when the amount of information exceeds what can be held in short-term memory.

Answer 50

serial position effect

Question 51

The cognitive processing of a stimulus that focuses on the superficial, perceptual qualities rather than the deeper meaning of items to be remembered. This tends to result if weak, short-lived memories.

Answer 51

shallow processing

Question 52

The reproduction or recall of a limited amount (possibly between 5 and 9 bits) of information which generally lasts between 10 and 30 seconds without repetition or practice.

Answer 52

short term memory (working memory)

Question 53

The inability to recall the origin of information while not forgetting the information itself.

Answer 53

source amnesia

Question 54

The theory that an individual is better able to remember information in the same physiological condition as when the information was first learned.

Answer 54

state-dependent memories

Question 55

Refers to the inability to retrieve a given piece of information even though the individual knows it exists somewhere in their memory store.

Answer 55

tip of the tongue phenomenon

Question 56

A type of logical processing that involves making a conclusion based on a set of premises including one that is assumed to be an accepted truth. The type of reasoning involved when making predictions based on accepted theories.

Answer 56

deductive reasoning

Question 57

A model is memory posed by Atkinson and Shiffrin states that information to be stored moves through three stages during encoding: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.

Answer 57

information processing model of memory

Question 58

The tendency to place an emphasis on starting values/beliefs when making decisions under uncertain conditions. One will generally not move very far away from this starting value.

Answer 58

anchoring heuristic

Question 59

Inductive reasoning is a type of problem-solving that involves making general principles based on a set of observations. This is involved when generating hypotheses based on specific facts.

Answer 59

inductive reasoning