Unit 6- Chapter 14 Flashcards
the study of disease
pathology
the cause of disease
Etiology
the development of a disease
pathogenesis
invasion or colonization of the body by pathogens
infection
an abnormal state in which the body is not performing normal functions
disease
Transient microbiota
may be present for days, weeks, or months
Normal microbiota
permanently colonize the host nd do not cause disease under normal conditions
What factors determine colonization for normal microbiota?
- nutrients
- physical/mechanical factors (pH, Temp)
- host defense
- mechanical factors (adhesion, flagella)
Microbial antagonism (competitive exclusion)
is a competition between microbes
Normal microbiota protect the host from by:
- competing for nutrients
- producing substances harmful to invading microbes
- Affecting pH and available oxygen
Symbiosis
is the relationship between normal microbiota and the host
When one organisms benefits, and the other is unaffected
commensalism
both organisms benefit
mutualism
one organism benefits at the expense of the other
parasitism
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commensalism, mutualism, parasitism
opportunistic
a microorganism that causes disease in a host when the immune defenses are disrupted - may be part of the normal microbiota
what procedure is used to identify a pathogen?
kochs postulate
when does Koch’s postulates not work?
When the pathogen
- can not be cultured
- is specific to humans
- can cause multiple diseases
changes in body function that are felt by a patient as a result of disease
symptoms
changes in a body that can be measured or observed as a result of disease
signs
a specific group of signs and symptoms that accompany a disease
syndrome
a disease that is spread from one host to another
communicable
diseases that are easily and rapidly spread from one host to another
contagious
a disease that is not spread from one host to another
noncommunicable
incidence
number of people who develop a disease during a particular time period
prevalence- takes into account new and old cases
number of people who develop a disease at a specified time, regardless of when it first appeared
sporadic disease
disease that occurs only occasionally
endemic disease
disease constantly present in a population
epidemic disease
disease acquired by many people in a given area in a short time
pandemic disease
worldwide epidemic
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endemic/sporadic/ epidemic/ pandemic
symptoms develop rapidly but the disease lasts only a short time
acute disease
symptoms develop slowly
chronic disease
intermediate between acute and chronic
subacute
causative agent is inactive for a time but then activates and produces symptoms
Latent
immunity in most of a population
herd
local infection
pathogens are limited to a small area of the body
systemic infection
an infection throughout the body
focal infection
systemic infection that began as a local infection
toxic inflammatory condition arising from the spread of microbes, especially bacteria or their toxins, from a focus of infection
sepsis
bacteria in the blood
bacteremia
also known as blood poisoning; growth of bacteria in the blood.
septicemia
toxemia
toxins in the blood
viremia
viruses in the blood
primary infection
acute infection that causes the initial illness
secondary infection
opportunistic infection after a primary (predisposing) infection
subclinical disease
no noticeable signs or symptoms (inapparent infection)
interval between initial infection and first signs and symptoms
incubation period
prodromal period
short period after incubation; early, mild symptoms
disease is most severe
period of illness
signs and symptoms subside
period of decline
body returns to its prediseased state
Period of Convalescence
Human reservoirs
Carriers may have inapparent infections or latent diseases
Animal reservoirs
Zoonoses are diseases transmitted from animals to humans
Nonliving reservoirs
soil and water
