Unit 6 Flashcards
DNA replication
Process of duplicating DNA, ensuring gen info is accurlety transmitted during cell division
Helicase
Enzyme responsible for unwinding the DNA double helix during replication
DNA Polymerace
Enzyme involved in synthesizing a complementary strand of DNA during replication
RNA Primer
Short RNA sequence that provides a starting point for DNA synthesis during replication
Ligase
Enzymes that join Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand during DNA replication
Leading Strand
The continuous strand is synthesized in the 5’ to 3’ direction during DNA replication
Lagging Strand
The strand synthesized in fragments in the 5’ to 3’ direction
Replication Fork
The Y-shaped point where DNA strands are separated during replication
Okazaki Fragments
Short, newly synthesized DNA fragments on the lagging strand during DNA replication
Semi-Conservative
DNA replication process where each new DNA molecule consists of one original and one newly synthesized strand
mRNA
carries the genetic info in the gene expression
tRNA
brings amino acids to the ribosomes according to the mRNA code
rRNA
forms the core of the ribosomes and carakyzes the formation of the peptide bonds
Transcription
process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA teplate
Goal of Transcription
complementary RNA molecule to the DNA template
Promoter (sequence) vs. Termination (sequence)
Regions in DNA that initiate and terminate transcription, repectivly
RNA Polymerase
Enzyme responsible for RNA synthesis during transcrpition
Initiation
The beginning phase of transcription where RNA polymerase binds to the promoter region
Elongation
The stage in transcription where RNA polymerase synthesizes RNA along the DNA template
Termination
The concluding phase of transcription leading to the release of the newly formed RNA molecule
Splicing
The removal of introns and joining of exons in RNA processing
Exons vs. Introns
Distinction between coding and non-coding regions of RNA
Spliceosomes
Complexes of RNA and protein that remove introns during RNA splicing
MG Cap
The modification of the 5’ end of mRNA typically involving the addition of a methyl-guanosine cap
Poly-A-Tail
The addition of polyadenine tail to the 3’ end of mRNA during RNA processing
Translation
The process where mRNA is used to synthesize a corresponding protein
mRNA and tRNA roles in translation
mRNA carries gen code and tRNA brings amino acids to the ribosome
Ribosomes
Cellular structures where protein synthesis occurs, essential for cellular functions
Condon vs Anti-Condon
sequence of three nucleotides on mRNA (codon) and tRNA (anticodon), which correspond during translation
Binding sites in a Ribosome
At the A site, tRNA carries an amino acid into the ribosome, at the P site, the anticodon attaches to the mRNA and grows the polypeptide chain, and at the E site, the empty tRNA leaves the ribosome
Steps of Translation
Initiation, elongation, and termination
Missense Mutation
Changes one of the nucleotide resulting in a different amino acid
Nonsense Mutation
Changes one of the nucleotides which results in a premature stop codon
Silent Mutation
There is a change in the nucleotide but no change in the amino acid
Frameshift
The insertion or deletion of a nucleotide
