unit 6 Flashcards
Who discovered gold in California, and how did it spark the Gold Rush?
James W. Marshall discovered gold at Sutter’s Mill on January 8, 1848.
His discovery led to a massive migration of prospectors, known as “forty-niners,” seeking wealth, transforming California’s population and economy.
How were Native Americans affected by the California Gold Rush?
Native Americans faced violence, including state-sponsored bounties for scalps under Governor Peter Burnett.
Vigilante groups exterminated native populations, resulting in near-total decimation by 1890.
Why did individual prospecting decline during the Gold Rush?
Surface gold deposits were quickly depleted by 1855.
Mining required advanced techniques, favoring large corporations over individual miners.
Homestead Act (1862): What was the purpose of the Homestead Act, and how much land did it grant to settlers?
The Homestead Act aimed to encourage westward expansion by granting 160 acres of western land to loyal citizens. Over 270 million acres of public land were transferred to private ownership.
How did railroads contribute to the development of the American West during the Gilded Age?
Tripled U.S. track mileage (1860–1880).
Enabled shipping of meat and crops to cities and global markets.
Sold excess land to settlers, promoting migration.
Standardized timekeeping by introducing four time zones in 1883.
What challenges did farmers face in the West during the Gilded Age?
Farmers faced:
Falling crop prices and rising costs, leading to debt.
Competition from corporate interests dominating agriculture.
Organized into groups like the Grange and Farmers’ Alliance to protect their interests.
