Unit 6 Flashcards
Brana Plan
1) was endorsed by military officers thus
distinguishing the Serbian rapes from rapes committed by Bosnians and others.
2) Not all war rapes are committed with genocidal intent.
3) Not all war rapes aim, as policy, to destroy the groups to which victims belong.
4) Serbian officers targeted women, adolescents and children, as
the most vulnerable spots in social and religious structures of
Muslim communities:
5) Women and children are almost always unarmed.
6) Not trained to fight;
7) Vulnerable because they cannot put up resistance.
8) Adolescent women are an especially vulnerable part of the
community with respect to their sexual innocence
9)Brana plan similar to ethnic cleansing
First Form of rape
1) Military forces enter a village, take several women of varying ages from their homes, rape them in public view and depart.
2) Several days later, soldiers from the army arrive and offer the now terrified residents’ safe passage away from the village.
Second form
1) Persons held in concentration camps are chosen at random to be raped
2) Often as part of torture preceding death
3) Torture and murder can also be used to terrorize
Third form
1) Women are imprisoned in rape/death camps and raped systematically for extended periods of time.
2) Either as torture preceding death or as torture leading to forced pregnancy.
3) Pregnant victims are raped consistently until it’s not safe to abort.
Logic behind enforced pregnancy
1) Intent of Serbian rapists appears to have been to produce Serb children.
2) Serb perpetrators, may have thought that the presence of these
children would change the identity of the next generation thus altering
identity of the community to something more Serbian.
3) Ironically, the child born of military rape will contain genes of both
biological parents, but will most likely be raised by its mother, if she
survives.
Logic behind enforced pregnancy
1) Military rape aimed at enforced pregnancy in the rape/death camps
was apparently committed with genocidal intent.
2) Taken at face value, a plan to produce births seems contrary to
genocide, as it appears to increase rather than decrease the target
population.
3) Forced pregnancies could become genocidal because of misogynous
cruelties of the culture to which the women belong (e.g. Bengali
women raped by Pakistani soldiers)
Biological warfare
1) Use of bacteriological or viral organisms that make people sick fairly quickly with diseases that are contagious and spread rapidly through a population;
2)Diseases tend to produce death, permanent disability, or disfigurement;
3) Biological weapons can destroy people, or people’s will to fight, without
destroying the inhabited territory;
4) Can make territory uninhabitable for a long time;
5) Are not fine-tunable weapons that can be made to target specific individuals;
6) There is the danger of blow-back.
Biological warfare
Sperm as a biological weapon
1) Rape and enforced pregnancy can destroy the morale of a people, especially if inflicted on the youth, who represent its hope for the future.
2) If the objective is to undermine the will to fight, mass rape and enforced pregnancy might contribute to that end as effectively as infectious disease.
3) Soldiers are motivated to fight to protect their homes, families and the futures of their communities. If families become direct targets, what then is left to protect
4) Direct attack on civilian women and children seems designed to motivate men to cease fighting.
5) The use of sperm as a weapon fits the conception of biological warfare used to attack a biological system (reproductive
system) in members of the enemy population.
6) Although the attack need not produce illness, it is designed to produce social chaos.
7) Sperm need not carry the HIV virus or other STDs in order to be toxic. It need not harm the reproductive system
Sperm as a biological weapon
1) It surely does use the reproductive system against the people.
2) Sperm so used becomes a social and psychological toxin, poisoning the futures of victims and their communities, by producing children who, if they survive, will remind whoever
raises them of their traumatic origins in torture.
3) Many of the impregnated women
Four possible ways the Brana plan’s policy of enforced pregnancy can be made out as part of
genocide: NB
1) Resulting children could be seen as Serbs because of their genetic origin. Thus, Muslim women would be bearing the children of their enemies.
2) Raped women (particularly those who have born children from rape) could be expected to be stigmatised and ostracised and in this way eliminated from society.
2.2) They are treated worse if they are then pregnant as well, since being pregnant while unmarried is
often treated as a crime even if it results from rape.
3) Brana rape/enforced pregnancy plan might destroy the community if raped women are unwilling or unable to reproduce the next generation
4) The existence of unwanted children who are the product of rape by the enemy could cause social
chaos to the extent of destroying the culture and institutions of the society
Many of the impregnated women:
1) Attempted 3rd trimester abortions;
2) Suicide or infanticide;
3) Others walked out of the hospital room leaving the newborn behind; and
4) They tried to find someone less traumatized to raise the child
Male genocidal rape:
Because of this, the main discourse dominated by feminists and women’s rights activists does not include
1) “sexually mutilated men, men forced to have intercourse with dead animals, men and young boys beaten to erection,”
2) Tutsi men forced to have intercourse with other Tutsi victims.
3) The consequence of these female-centric discussions is that little is known about male victims who were forced to “place their genital organs in sand-filled holes and other horrifying experiences [that] reveal some particular experiences of genocidal sexual violence.
