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PCOL 2ndS > Unit 6 > Flashcards

Unit 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Its made up of carbon which causes the lungs to turn black
○ Black Lungs: Anthracosis

A

The Great Smog of London (1952)

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2
Q

○ Location: Japan
○ Methyl Mercury which targets the Nervous System

A

Minimata Disease (1950s)

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3
Q

Releases radiation

A

Chernobyl (1986)

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4
Q

Basic Principles of Toxicology

A

Mechanism of exposure and toxicological effects

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5
Q

Toxicological effects

A

Recognition
Prevention
Treatment

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6
Q

Exposure to chemicals may be through the ________ and/or __________.

A

environment (air, water, soil, food) and/or occupational.

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7
Q

can cause renal failure

A

Silica

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8
Q

It can cause lung cancer

A

Asbestos

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9
Q

Higher dose = ________ effect

A

Higher

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10
Q

Higher exposure = ________ effect

A

Higher

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11
Q

Higher fat content = _________ vulnerability

A

higher

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12
Q

Deals with the effects of chemical found in the workplace

A

Occupational toxicology

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13
Q

Standards for specific materials of particularly serious toxicity

A

PEL

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14
Q

Lower PEL = ______ toxicity

A

High

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15
Q

______ PEL = low toxicity

A

Higher

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16
Q

For it to be safe there should be a _________

A

high threshold limit values

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17
Q

○ Ability of chemical agent to cause injury/disease in a given situation or setting
○ potential /ability to cause injury

A

Hazard

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18
Q

○ Expected frequency of the occurrence of an undesirable effect arising from exposure to a chemical or physical agent
○ Likelihood that a hazard will cause harm

A

Risk

19
Q

Inhalation > Transdermal route > oral

A

Industrial route of exposure

20
Q

single exposure or multiple exposure over a brief period of time

A

Acute exposure

21
Q

single exposure or multiple exposure over a longer period of time

A

Chronic exposure

22
Q

there is policy

A

Administrative control

23
Q

The pollutants that have the widest environmental impact are. _______ degradable; are relatively mobile in air, water, and soil; exhibit bioaccumulation; and also exhibit biomagnification.

A

poorly

24
Q

● Colorless, tasteless, odorless and non-irritating gas
● Byproduct of incomplete combustion
● gas stoves; generators and other gasoline-powered equipment; automobile exhaust and tobacco smoke
● Easily absorbed through the lungs
● Exposure may be acute or chronic
● Has teratogenic potential
● Cherry red color of skin

A

Carbon monoxide

25
Q

CO combines tightly but reversibly with the
oxygen- binding site of hemoglobin (Hb)

A

Carbon Monoxide

26
Q

In the systemic circulation with Carbon Monoxide, there will be _________ because there is no oxygen.

A

In the systemic circulation, there will be hypoxia because there is no oxygen.

27
Q

higher hydrogen concentration, higher temperature, higher CO2 (Hemoglobin does not cling too much to the gas)

A

Shift right

28
Q

cling more strongly to the gas (Hindi narerelease ang hawak na oxygen gas: Higher carbon monoxide)

A

Shift left

29
Q

● Symptoms of hypoxia
● Psychomotor impairment
● Headache and tightness in the temporal area
● Confusion and loss of visual acuity
● Tachycardia, tachypnea, syncope, and coma
● Deep coma, convulsions, shock and respiratory failure
● Aggravated by; those tasks that require more oxygen

A

Clinical effects of CO-

30
Q

Treatment for CO-

A

● High concentrations of oxygen for a short amount of time only
● Hypothermic therapy
● Neuropsychological and motor dysfunction persists for a long time after treatment

31
Q

● Colorless irritant gas
● Generated primarily by the combustion of sulfur-containing fossil fuel
● The principal source of urban SO2 is the burning of coal, domestic heating, high-sulfur transportation and coal-fired power plants

A

SULFUR DIOXIDE (SO2)

32
Q

● high solubility of SO2 in moist membranes forms sulfurous acid.
● severe irritant on the eyes, mucous membranes, respiratory tract and skin
● 90% of inhaled form is absorbed in the Upper Respiratory tract causing Acute Irritant Asthma

A

Sulfur monoxide

33
Q

● eye, nose and throat irritation, reflex bronchoconstriction and increased bronchial secretions
● May initiate or exacerbate Bronchial Asthma
● Delayed-onset pulmonary edema
● Treatment is supportive, non-specific

A

Sulfur monoxide

34
Q

● Brownish irritant gas associated with fires
● Farmers exposed to fresh silage
● Miners exposed to diesel equipment
● automobile and truck traffic emissions

A

Nitrogen oxide

35
Q

● Relatively insoluble deep lung irritant
○ Lower respiratory tract
● Inhalation damages the lung infrastructure that produces the surfactant necessary to allow smooth and low-effort lung alveolar expansion
○ Airways collapse because of the decrease in surfactant.

A

Nitrogen oxide

36
Q

● Silo-Filler’s Disease, Non-allergic Asthma, ”Twitchy- airway disease”
● Acute:
○ Irritation of eyes and nose
○ Cough
○ mucoid or frothy sputum production
○ dyspnea and chest pain
○ Pulmonary edema
○ fibrotic destruction of terminal bronchioles
● Chronic: Emphysematous changes
○ COPD Patients
● Treatment: Supportive, non-specific

A

Nitrogen oxides

37
Q

● Bluish irritant gas naturally found in the earth’s atmosphere
● Burning of fossil fuel
● Emitted from power plants, motor vehicles and other sources of high heat compounds
● high-voltage electrical equipment and air and water
purification systems ● Agriculture

A

OZONE (O3) AND OTHER OXIDES

38
Q

● Irritant of mucous membranes
● Produces upper respiratory tract irritation to deep lung irritation with pulmonary edema
● Formation of reactive free radicals
○ Can cause cancer

A

OZONE (O3) AND OTHER OXIDES

39
Q

● Shallow, rapid breathing and decrease in pulmonary compliance
● Acute
○ Irritation and dryness to throat
○ changes to visual acuity
○ substernal pain and dyspnea
○ ARDS (Acute Respiratory Distress
Syndrome)
● Chronic
○ Chronic Bronchitis
○ Bronchiolitis
○ Empyshema
● Treatment: Supportive, non-specific

A

OZONE (O3) AND OTHER OXIDES

40
Q

● Found in industrial solvents, degreasing agents and cleaning agents
● Carbon tetrachloride, trichloroethylene, chloroform, tetrachloroethylene and 1,1,1-trichloroethane
○ Carbon tetrachloride - highly toxic in liver (hepatotoxic)
● Most are classified as known or probable human carcinogens
● Freon, a fluorinated aliphatic, causes severe damage in the ozone
○ CFCs
● Layer in the troposphere

A

HALOGENATED ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBONS / Halohydrocarbons

41
Q

● Human carcinogens - some are associated with renal, prostate and testicular cancer
● CNS depression, kidney injury, liver injury, cardiotoxicity, arrhythmia
● Chronic Exposure in the Workplace: Impaired memory, peripheral neuropathy
● Treatment: Supportive, non-specific

A

Nitrogen oxide

42
Q

● component of gasoline
● Acute Exposure: CNS Depression, Nausea, Euphoria,
Locomotor Problems and Coma; Vertigo, Drowsiness and
Headache
● *Chronic Exposure: Bone Marrow Injury (Aplastic
XYLENE
ic mosquito elimination in malaria infested regions of Africa
○ Long-term effects poorly understood
Anemia, Leukopenia,
Thrombocytopenia…)
● Pluripotent Bone Marrow Stem Cells
● Potent Clastogen
● Treatment: Supportive, non-specific

A

Benzene

43
Q

● Methylbenzene
Pancytopenia,
● paint thinners, nail polish remover, glues, and correction fluid; explosives
○ TNT: trinitrotoluene
● No myelotoxic properties
○ This is why it is a substitute for benzene
● CNS depressant, skin and eye irritant, fetotoxic
● Associated with rapid loss of consciousness, severe fatigue, ataxia

A

Toluene

44
Q

Dimethylbenzene
○ Two methyl groups
Colorless, sweet-smelling agent
Clearing Agent used in the Histopathology Section
○ Substitute for Benzene, since Xylene is safer
Substitute for benzene in solvent degreasing operations No myelotoxic properties
CNS depressant, skin irritant

A

Xylene

PCOL 2ndS (1 decks)

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