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PMT > Unit 6 > Flashcards

Unit 6 Flashcards

1
Q

(T/F) If hazard is about probabilities, risk is about possibilities.

A

False

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2
Q

A bacterial culture in a refrigerator is considered:

a. Risk
b. Hazard
c. Threat
d. Consequence

A

Hazard

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3
Q

Not very possible to occur may refer to

a. Rare
b. Unlikely
c. Almost certain
d. Likely

A

Unlikely

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4
Q

It aids all stakeholders, including laboratory personnel, to understand the assessment methodologies, results, and risk management decisions.

a. Risk Management
b. Risk Assessment
c. Risk Communication
d. Risk Perception

A

Risk Communication

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5
Q

What is the result of a hazard in a given situation.

a. Threat
b. Risk
c. Consequence
d. Hazard

A

Risk

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6
Q

What source of error pertains to mechanical failure:

a. Operator
b. Analysis
c. Specimen
d. Regeant

A

Analysis

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7
Q

The following are common laboratory risk, except:

a. Slips, Trips, and Falls
b. Contamination
c. Pathogens
d. Needle pricks

A

Pathogens

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8
Q

It is something that is intrinsically dangerous such as an object, a chemical, an infectious agent or a situation.

a. Risk
b. Threat
c. Hazard
d. Consequence

A

Hazard

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9
Q

Which of the following statements is not true of risk management

a. Evaluate the performance of new devices
b. Troubleshoot instrument problems
c. Estimate harm to patient from incorrect results
d. None of the above

A

None of the above

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10
Q

It is the probability and or amount of contact between the hazard and the entity it is potentially harming.

a. Risk
b. Threat
c. Exposure
d. Consequence

A

Exposure

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11
Q

It pertains to the chance of injury or loss when exposed to a hazard.

a. Risk
b. Threat
c. Exposure
d. Consequence

A

Risk

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12
Q

The following are threats, except:

a. Pathogens
b. Contamination
c. Terrorist
d. Untrained Staff

A

Contamination

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13
Q

(T/F) Hazard is to biosafety as threat is to biosecurity.

A

True

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14
Q

What source of error pertains to improper specimen preparation and handling:

a. Environment
b. Analysis
c. Specimen
d. Operator

A

Operator

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15
Q

The three phases of testing are:

a. Post-analytic, analytic, pre-analytic
b. Preanalytic, analytic, postanalytic
c. Analytic, Preanalytic, postanalytic
d. None of the above

A

Preanalytic, analytic, postanalytic

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16
Q

(T/F) The ISO 15189:2012 standard includes a clause regarding risk management.

A

True

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17
Q

Which word is being referred to by highly probable to occur:

a. Rare
b. Possible
c. Likely
d. Almost Certain

A

Almost Certain

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18
Q

(T/F) A laboratory’s core and support processes are the basis for its internal audits.

A

True

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19
Q

(T/F) Biorisk, is consequence and likelihood combined.

A

True

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20
Q

(T/F) It is important to be sensitive to events or trends that may be alerts to risk potential.

A

True

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21
Q

(T/F) Risk assessment is the core of biorisk management.

A

True

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22
Q

It is a systematic application of management policies, procedures and practices to the tasks.

a. Risk Management
b. Risk Assessment
c. Risk Communication
d. Risk Perception

A

Risk Management

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23
Q

What source of error pertains to light intensity:

a. Environment
b. Analysis
c. Specimen
d. Operator

A

Environment

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24
Q

It is an essential part of shared decision making and evidence-based patient choice

a. Risk Management
b. Risk Assessment
c. Risk Communication
d. Risk Perception

A

Risk Communication

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25
Q

(T/F) A bacterial culture in a refrigerator may post as a risk.

A

False

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26
Q

Identify: dangled electrical wirings

a. Risk
b. Hazard
c. Threat
d. Consequence

A

Hazard

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27
Q

Identify: microbial infection due to spilled specimen at the laboratory reception

a. Risk
b. Hazard
c. Threat
d. Consequence

A

Risk

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28
Q

It is used to perform risk identification

a. Process Mapping
b. Fishbone Diagram
c. Risk Identification Table
d. All of the choices

A

all of the choices

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29
Q

Highly personal process of decision making, based on an individual’s frame of reference developed over a lifetime, among many other factors

a. Risk Management
b. Risk Assessment
c. Risk Communication
d. Risk Perception

A

Risk Perception

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30
Q

Identify: unstable bench in the laboratory

a. Risk
b. Hazard
c. Threat
d. Consequence

A

Hazard

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31
Q

(T/F) Accurate risk identification in a “one size fits all” format is essential when developing and implementing a comprehensive and effective individualized quality control plan.

A

False

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32
Q

A systematic approach to identify hazards, evaluate risk and incorporate appropriate measures to manage and mitigate risk for any work process or activity.

a. Risk Management
b. Risk Assessment
c. Risk Communication
d. Risk Perception

A

Risk Assessment

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33
Q

A systematic application of management policies, procedures, and practices to the tasks of analyzing, evaluating, controlling, and monitoring risk.

a. Risk Management
b. Risk Assessment
c. Risk Communication
d. Risk Perception

A

Risk Management

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34
Q

Identify: noisy staff

a. Risk
b. Hazard
c. Threat
d. Consequence

A

Hazard

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35
Q

An essential part of shared decision making and evidence-based patient choice.

a. Risk Management
b. Risk Assessment
c. Risk Communication
d. Risk Perception

A

Risk Communication

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36
Q

Outlines the cause and effect of a testing process

a. Process Mapping
b. Fishbone Diagram
c. Risk Identification Table
d. All of the choices

A

Fishbone Diagram

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37
Q

ISO standard for medical laboratories

a. 15289:2013
b. 15189:2002
c. 15189:2012
d. 15289:2003

A

15189:2012

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38
Q

Identify: Any source of potential damage, harm or adverse health effects on something or someone

a. Risk
b. Hazard
c. Threat
d. Consequence

A

Hazard

39
Q

Identify: the potential cause of an incident which may result in harm

a. Risk
b. Hazard
c. Threat
d. Consequence

A

Hazard

40
Q

This tool is used to analyze a particular testing process by breaking it down into small steps from start to finish

a. Process Mapping
b. Fishbone Diagram
c. Risk Identification Table
d. All of the choices

A

Process Mapping

41
Q

Simple table that lists all the errors identified in the different testing phases for a specific test

a. Process Mapping
b. Fishbone Diagram
c. Risk Identification Table
d. All of the choices

A

Risk Identification Table

42
Q

Identify: fall incident

a. Risk
b. Hazard
c. Threat
d. Consequence

A

risk

43
Q

Identify: wet laboratory floor

a. Risk
b. Hazard
c. Threat
d. Consequence

A

Hazard

44
Q

Identify: spread of COVID-19 infection among staff in the Microbiology Unit

a. Risk
b. Hazard
c. Threat
d. Consequence

A

Risk

45
Q

Identify: the chance or probability that a person will be harmed or experience an adverse health effect

a. Risk
b. Hazard
c. Threat
d. Consequence

A

Risk

46
Q

The following local legislations that are concerned with guidelines on the safe management of wastes generated from healthcare facilities are, except:

a. Republic Act No. 9003 “Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000”
b. Republic Act 9275 “The Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004”
c. Presidential Decree 856 “The Code on Sanitation of the Philippines”
d. Republic Act No. 5527

A

Republic Act No. 5527

47
Q

When the likelihood of exposure or release is almost certain and the consequence of exposure or release is severe, the risk assessment is:

a. High
b. Low
c. Very High
d. Medium

A

Very High

48
Q

[MORSE TYPE] Risk management is not a new concept because laboratories always evaluate the performance of new devices, troubleshoot instrument problems, and respond to physician complaints. Risk management is a formal term for what clinical laboratories are already doing every day as they estimate harm to a patient from incorrect results, and take actions to prevent errors

A

BOTH true

49
Q

In evaluating the risk, when the risk is tolerable and therefore could be managed by well-established, routine process or procedure, the risk assessment is:

a. Low
b. Very low
c. Medium
d. High

A

Low

50
Q

The following tools are helpful to laboratorians in performing risk identification, except:

a. Process mapping
b. Risk identification table
c. Fishbone diagram
d. None of the above

A

None of the above

51
Q

[MORSE TYPE] Risk management guidelines recommend that laboratories play a proactive role in minimizing the potential for errors by developing individualized QCPs to address the specific risks encountered with laboratory analysis. Laboratories should map their testing process to identify weaknesses at each testing step, and as risks are identified, the laboratory selects appropriate control processes to detect and prevent errors from occurring.

A

Both true

52
Q

When evaluating risk points, the following are categorized under information gathering, except:

a. Source of Harm
b. Property Damage
c. Injury
d. None of the above

A

None of the above

53
Q

In biosecurity, this refers to an individual or group of people who have the motive, means, and opportunity to intentionally cause harm:

a. Risk
b. Hazard
c. Threat
d. Consequence

A

Threat

54
Q

Any source of potential damage, harm or adverse health effects on something or someone is identified as:

a. Risk
b. Hazard
c. Threat
d. Consequence

A

Hazard

55
Q

The chance or probability that a person will be harmed or experience an adverse health effect if exposed to a hazard; and may also apply to situations with property or equipment loss, or harmful effects on the environment is known as:

a. Risk
b. Hazard
c. Threat
d. Consequence

A

Risk

56
Q

The following are risk mitigation approaches for control risks, except:

a. Determine how to mitigate significant risks by changing the process
b. Consider whether these risk control measures/process changes introduce new risks, and if so, address them
c. Choose indicators or monitors that show whether the risk control plan is working (e.g., corrected reports, customer complaints, or TAT)
d. None of the above

A

No…………

57
Q

In evaluating the risk, the risk assessment that would require immediate assessment by the senior staff where a control pan must be developed with regular monitoring and reports made to the relevant managers and target resolution should be within two weeks is:

a. Low
b. High
c. Very Low
d. Very High

A

High

58
Q

A highly personal process of decision making, based on an individual’s frame of reference developed over a lifetime, among many other factors is referred to as:

a. Risk Management
b. Risk Assessment
c. Risk Communication
d. Risk Perception

A

Risk Perception

59
Q

When the likelihood of exposure or release is possible and the consequence of exposure or release is major, the risk assessment is:

a. Very Low
b. Very High
c. Medium
d. High

A

High

60
Q

In biosecurity, this refers to an individual or group of people who have the motive, means, and opportunity to intentionally cause harm:

a. Risk
b. Hazard
c. Threat
d. Consequence

A

Threat

61
Q

[MORSE TYPE] Risk management guidelines recommend that laboratories play a proactive role in minimizing the potential for errors by developing individualized QCPs to address the specific risks encountered with laboratory analysis. Laboratories should map their testing process to identify weaknesses at each testing step, and as risks are identified, the laboratory selects appropriate control processes to detect and prevent errors from occurring.

A

BOTH True

62
Q

In biosecurity, this refers to an individual or group of people who have the motive, means, and opportunity to intentionally cause harm:

a. Risk
b. Hazard
c. Threat
d. Consequence

A

Threat

63
Q

Any source of potential damage, harm or adverse health effects on something or someone is identified as:

a. Risk
b. Hazard
c. Threat
d. Consequence

A

Hazard

64
Q

The following are risk mitigation approaches for control risks, except:

a. Determine how to mitigate significant risks by changing the process
b. Consider whether these risk control measures/process changes introduce new risks, and if so, address them
c. Choose indicators or monitors that show whether the risk control plan is working (e.g., corrected reports, customer complaints, or TAT)
d. None of the above

A

None of the above

65
Q

A highly personal process of decision making, based on an individual’s frame of reference developed over a lifetime, among many other factors is referred to as:

a. Risk Management
b. Risk Assessment
c. Risk Communication
d. Risk Perception

A

risk perception

66
Q

In biosecurity, this refers to an individual or group of people who have the motive, means, and opportunity to intentionally cause harm:

a. Risk
b. Hazard
c. Threat
d. Consequence

A

Threat

67
Q

When the likelihood of exposure or release is unlikely and the consequence of exposure or release is negligible, the risk assessment is:

a. Very Low
b. Very High
c. Medium
d. High

A

Very Low

68
Q

[MORSE TYPE] Proper waste treatment is necessary to ensure that healthcare wastes do not pose harm to the people and the environment. Healthcare wastes can be decontaminated either by sterilization or disinfection.

A

Both True

69
Q

[MORSE TYPE] The healthcare facility staff who are at risk of exposure to healthcare wastes are doctors, nurses, auxiliaries, maintenance personnel, patients in the HCF or receiving home care, and visitors to the health care facility. Similarly, workers providing support and allied services to the healthcare facility such as laundry persons and those transporting hazardous healthcare workers to treatment, storage, and disposal facilities ,the operators of waste management facility including informal recyclers or scavengers are equally at risk.

A

Both true

70
Q

[MORSE TYPE] Risk management can represent a project triggered by an occurrence or finding, a proactive project to evaluate potential weaknesses in a new, revised, or complex processes or a continuous assessment based on daily events and observation of what is happening in the laboratory. Managing risks is not only a process, but a mindset that needs to be present throughout the laboratory, hence laboratories need to create a risk management culture.

A

Both true

71
Q

A systematic approach to identify hazards, evaluate risk and incorporate appropriate measures to manage and mitigate risk for any work process or activity is:

a. Risk Management
b. Risk Assessment
c. Risk Communication
d. Risk Perception

A

Risk Assessment

72
Q

[MORSE TYPE] Risk Evaluation drives investment decisions in an institution, so if an institution is particularly risk-averse, it will spend more resources attempting to reduce the risks it faces. If a similar institution faces the same risks but is risk-tolerant, it might proceed with procedures others may find too dangerous.

A

Both true

73
Q

In assessing consequence of risks, an incident with potential lost time due to infection but non-permanent consequence and/or limited environmental impact is:

a. Negligible
b. Major
c. Moderate
d. Severe

A

Major

74
Q

[MORSE TYPE] Incinerating waste also causes problems because plastics tend to produce toxic substances such as dioxins when they are burnt. Gases from incineration may also cause air pollution and contribute to acid rain, while the ash from incinerators may contain heavy metals and other toxins

A

Both true

75
Q

The probability and/or amount of contact between the hazard and the entity it is potentially harming is known as:

a. Risk
b. Exposure
c. Threat
d. Consequence

A

Exposure

76
Q

[MORSE TYPE] The factors that affect the likelihood of risks are aerosol-generating procedures, working with sharps, low competency of personnel carrying out the work, and highly environmentally stable biological agents. Furthermore, inadequate or poor availability of electrical power, dilapidated laboratory facilities and building systems, malfunctioning equipment, damage from frequent severe weather and access of insects and rodents to the laboratory also poses further risks.

A

Both true

77
Q

The most effective control measure is:

a. elimination
b. engineering controls
c. administrative controls
d. substitution

A

elimination

78
Q

The following are hazards, except:

a. Pathogens
b. Inexperienced Staff
c. Damage of property/equipment
d. Clinical sample

A

Damage of property/equipment

79
Q

Risk management could be based on the following several consensus guidelines or accreditation agencies, except:

a. ISO 15189-2012
b. CLSI EP 18, EP 23
c. CAP
d. None of the above

A

None of the above

80
Q

(T/F) The objective of risk management is to reduce different risks related to an act or a failure to act to a level acceptable to the facility.

A

True

81
Q

(T/F) Some examples of the environmental impact of healthcare wastes are air pollution, infection acquired from hospitals, and hazards caused by exposure of scavenging by ragpickers and animals to untreated hospital wastes.

A

True

82
Q

[MORSE TYPE] Proper waste treatment is necessary to ensure that healthcare wastes do not pose harm to the people and the environment. Healthcare wastes can be decontaminated either by sterilization or disinfection.

A

Both true

83
Q

The following are sources of errors that are categorized as environmental in nature, except:

a. Temperature
b. Humidity
c. Light intensity
d. Altitude
e. None of the above

A

None of the above

84
Q

(T/F) Engineering controls are any physical changes to work stations, equipment, materials, production facilities, or any other relevant aspect of the work environment that reduce or prevent exposure to hazards.

A

True

85
Q

[MORSE TYPE] Risk management attempts to answer important questions such as, what can go wrong (process mapping, brainstorming), how bad is it? (severity of harm, especially with downstream events). It also poses inquiries such as how often (probability of occurrence for potential errors, frequency of occurrence for observed errors) and what should be done to mitigate/reduce the risk? (prioritization of risks).

A

Both true

86
Q

The following are analytical errors, except:

a. Calibration factor incorrect
b. Mechanical Error
c. Failure to follow test system instructions
d. None of the above

A

Failure to follow test system instructions

87
Q

The following are risk mitigation approaches for control risks, except:

a. Administrative Controls
b. Engineering Controls
c. PPE
d. None of the above

A

None of the above

88
Q

The following are threats, except:

a. Terrorists
b. Pathogens
c. Slips, Trips, and Falls
d. Staff with debts

A

Slips, Trips, and Falls

89
Q

(T/F) In a 300-bed capacity tertiary care hospital, the general composition of wastes generated are mostly infectious, pathologic threats, anatomical, and general wastes.

A

True

90
Q

A systematic application of management policies, procedures, and practices to the tasks of analyzing, evaluating, controlling, and monitoring risk (ISO 14971) is also known as:

a. Risk Management
b. Risk Assessment
c. Risk Communication
d. Risk Perception

A

Risk Management

91
Q

A combination of the likelihood of an incident occurring and the severity of the consequences (harm) if that incident were to occur is also known as:

a. Risk
b. Exposure
c. Threat
d. Consequence

A

Risk

92
Q

The chance or probability that a person will be harmed or experience an adverse health effect if exposed to a hazard; and may also apply to situations with property or equipment loss, or harmful effects on the environment is known as:

a. Risk
b. Exposure
c. Threat
d. Consequence

A

Risk

93
Q

[MORSE TYPE] Highly infectious waste must be disinfected at source and anatomical waste including recognizable body parts, placenta waste and fetus should be disposed of through safe burial or cremation. Furthermore, pathological wastes must be refrigerated if not collected or treated within 24 hours and sharp wastes must be shredded or crushed before transport to landfill.

A

Both true

94
Q

The factors that affect the consequences of risks are, except:

a. Low infectious dose and high communicability
b. High severity and mortality and large susceptible population
c. Limited availability of effective prophylaxis or therapeutic interventions
d. Lack of endemicity (such as exotic disease)
e. None of the above

A

None of the above

PMT (2 decks)

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