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Ocular Anatomy > Unit 6 > Flashcards

Unit 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Benefits of binocular vision

A

Single vision - no “double vision”
Stereo vision - depth perception
Increase field of vision
Compensation for blind spot

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2
Q

Fixation

A

Image on fovea
Fixation reflexes to keep image on fovea

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3
Q

Fusion

A

Single image formed with images from both eyes

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4
Q

Diplopia

A

2 images are perceived, one from each eye
Lack of fusion (double vision)

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5
Q

Suppression

A

The brain ignores one of the images during diplopia

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6
Q

Amblyopia

A

Vision loss due to prolonged suppression in childhood

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7
Q

What does BCVA stand for

A

Best corrected visual acuity

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8
Q

Saccades

A

Front lobe
Fast movement that keep the image on the fovea

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9
Q

Smooth pursuits

A

Parietal-occipital region plus other areas of brain
Slow movements of the eyes to follow an object

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10
Q

Ductions

A

Monocular (abduction, addiction, supraduction, infraduction, intorsion and extortion

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11
Q

Versions

A

Binolcular
Dextroversion
Leveoversion
Supraversion
Infraversion

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12
Q

Vergences

A

Binocular; towards or away from eachother
Convergence; both eyes looking towards eachother
Divergence; both eyes look away from eachother

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13
Q

6 muscles

A

Superior rectus
Inferior rectus
Medial rectus
Lateral rectus
Superior oblique
Inferior oblique

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14
Q

Which muscle is used for elevation

A

Superior rectus

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15
Q

Which muscle is used for depression

A

Inferior rectus

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16
Q

What muscle is used for adduction

A

Medial rectus

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17
Q

What muscle is used for abduction

A

Lateral rectus

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18
Q

What muscle is used for intorsion

A

Superior oblique

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19
Q

What muscle is used for extortion

A

Inferior oblique

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20
Q

Yoke muscle

A

Muscles from each eye that work together to move eyes together
Ex; LR and MR are yoke muscles , they both equally move the eye laterally or medially

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21
Q

Herings law or equal innervation

A

When a muscle in one eye is sent a message to move; the yoke muscle in the other eye receives equal innervation
The message is the same to the yoke muscle

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22
Q

Sherringtons law and reciprocal innervation

A

When a signal is sent to one muscle to contract the opposing muscle for that eye is sent a signal to relax
Talking about one eye itself. It allows one muscle to contact while the other one relaxes. If two muscles are being pulled in opposite ways the eye won’t be able to move

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23
Q

Lateral rectus

A

Abduction

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24
Q

Medial rectus

A

Adduction

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25
Superior rectus
Primary : elevation Secondary ; intorsion
26
Inferior rectus
Primary - depression Secondary - extortion
27
Superior oblique
Primary- intorsion Secondary- depression
28
Inferior oblique
Primary - extortion Secondary - elevation
29
When your eye is looking right
Right lateral rectus Left medial rectus
30
When you move your eye left
Left lateral rectus Right medial recrus
31
When you move your eye up and right
Right superior rectus Left inferior oblique
32
When you move your eye up and left
Left superior rectus Right inferior oblique
33
When you move your eye down and right
Right inferior rectus Left superior oblique
34
When you move your eye down and left
Left inferior rectus Right superior oblique
35
If the eye is abducting what muscle is being used
Recti muscles
36
If the eye is adducting what muscle is being used
Oblique muscles
37
Esotropia
Inward deviation
38
Exotropia
Outward deviation
39
Hypertropia
Upward deviation
40
Hypotonia
Downward deviation
41
What is strabismus
The visual axis of the eyes are not aligned and the eyes appear to be looking in different directions
42
Strabismus amount of deviation
Measured in prism diopters
43
Causes of strabismus
Accommodative esotropia Congenital strabismus Cranial nerve palsies Decompensated strabismus Traumatic
44
Accommodative esotropia
Eye turning inwards due to the focusing efforts as the eyes try to see clearly
45
Congenital strabismus
Disease or physical disability present from birth May require surgery
46
Cranial nerve palsies
Damage to one of the nerves Ex; CN III, CN IV, CN VI
47
Decompensated strabismus
Develops as an adult Long standing deviation Previously well controlled by motor fusional mechanism , now decompensating
48
Traumatic
Brain damage CN damage Direct EOM
49
Duane syndrome
-Incorrect innervation of the EOMS by the cranial nerves; congenital anomaly. -Limited ability to adduct or abduct or bath -Some muscles stretch when they should should be tightened and some stay loose when they should be contracting -compensatory head posture for BSV
50
Brown syndrome
Problem with the SO tendon (too tight or too short) Usually congenital but could be secondary to trauma or surgery
51
Cover test
Checks for the amount of deviation Shows you the direction of deviation When you cover the good eye, the bad eye slowly straightens
52
Light reflex tests
Hirschberg Krimsky
53
Hirschberg
-Look with torch, shine a light at the eyes and observe where the light reflex is located in reference to the pupil -If the light is out , the eye in in. -For every mm that the light is decentered, the eye is turned about 15 diopters -screening test that can be used to assess whether a person has a strabismus (ocular misalignment)
54
Krimsky
-look with prism -essentially the hirschberg test but with prisms employed to quantify amount of deviation -Determining how much prism is required to center the reflex
55
Modified krimsy test
Placing the prism infront of the eye that needs to be fixed
56
Stereo vision test
Randot Stereo fly
57
Randot
-Vectograph random dot stereotest -Used for detecting amblyopia, strabismus and suppression, and for assessing stereoacuity -can measure stereoacuity from 400 to 20 of arc
58
Stereo fly
Titmus test Easily administered check of stereoscopic depth perception at any age level Evaluate both gross and fine stereo vision
59
Worth 4 dot test
Text for suppression and double vision (diplopia) The red lens blocks the green dots (OD will not see the 2 green dots) The green lens blocks the red light (OS won’t see the red dot)
60
Pseudotropia
The babies nose bridge isn’t big yet so it looks like they’re eye is turned on since the skin covers the white part of the eye

Ocular Anatomy (2 decks)

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