Unit 5.4 Design Movements

Question 1

Inspirations for Arts and Crafts

Answer 1

• A reaction to the loss of traditional skills and overuse of ornamentation in the Victorian era, which was perceived to have resulted from the Industrial Revolution
• Traditional crafts rather than machines

Question 2

Influences for Arts and Crafts

Answer 2

• Medieval craft guilds
• Simplicity
• Natural forms
• Beauty of timber

Question 3

Features of Arts and Crafts

Answer 3

• ‘Honest’, handmade, traditional methods such as pegged mortise and tenon joints
• The beauty of materials such as the grain and figure of oak clearly displayed
• The use of patterned, natural forms on tiles, wallpaper and textiles

Question 4

Key Figure for Arts and Crafts

Answer 4

William Morris

Question 5

William Morris

Answer 5

• After leaving university Morris and Ruskin formed their own design and decoration company, which specialized in the use of natural materials and traditional craftsmanship
• His socialist principles reinforced his craft-based rather than industrial-scale design philosophy
• To promote this, he helped to set up workers’ guilds to create a unified approach to design and empower designers creating their own products
• Many of his textile and wallpaper designs, which made use of simple, natural forms, are still in use today

Question 6

William Morris Quote

Answer 6

• ‘Have nothing in your houses that you do not know to be useful, or believe to be beautiful’

Question 7

Time period of Arts and Crafts

Answer 7

1850-1900

Question 8

Influences for Art Nouveau

Answer 8

• Combination of European and Oriental design
• Designers and artists were keen to see a unified approach to design,
• The availability of newly developed and improved materials

Question 9

Inspiration for Art Nouveau

Answer 9

• The beauty of organic forms of plant life
• The sensuous, languid female forms
• Oriental, particularly Japanese, art and interiors
• Celtic crosses
• Arabian patterns
• Greek decoration

Question 10

Features of Art Nouveau

Answer 10

• Stylised sinuous plant motifs

* Female figures with ling, loose hair and flowing dresses

Question 11

Key figure for Art Nouveau

Answer 11

Charles Rennie Mackintosh

Question 12

Charles Rennie Mackintosh

Answer 12

• He interpreted Art Nouveau in a unique, Scottish way
• His designs show evidence of Japanese, Celtic and Arts and Crafts influences
• Later in his career, he employed bold geometric forms although he retained the use of distinctive floral motifs and elegant curves

Question 13

Time period for Art Nouveau

Answer 13

1890-1900

Question 14

Influences for Post Modernism

Answer 14

• A reaction to Modernism, perceiving it as a boring, functional period that lacked excitement.
• Computer designed ‘blandness’ had seemed by some to be becoming more evident

Question 15

Inspiration for Post Modernism

Answer 15

• The brutal industrial design of oil refineries
• Pop culture
• Ancient classical architecture
• Children’s toys
• Human and animal forms
• Earlier design eras such as Art Deco.

Question 16

Features of Post Modernism

Answer 16

• The wide range of available materials
• An ‘anything goes’ attitude
• A diverse range of designs which often conveyed humour and personality

Question 17

Key figure of Post Modernism

Answer 17

Phillipe Starck

Question 18

Phillipe Starck

Answer 18

• His best-known designs are for Alessi, the Italian kitchenware company.
• He utilises a range of modern materials to realise his sometimes-eccentric, innovative ideas, although he is also conscious of sustainability.
• Sometimes his form over function philosophy results in a product which is highly aesthetically pleasing, but dangerous and totally impractical.

Question 19

Time period for Post Modernism

Answer 19

1975 - now

Question 20

Influences for Streamlining

Answer 20

• Advancing aviation technology introduced aerodynamic, rounded forms to reduce wind resistance.
• People were looking to the future and even outer space due to developing rocket and satellite technology.
• The increase in wealth of consumers facilitated affording more ‘design-conscious’ products
• The development of materials such as metal alloys and plastics, along with new manufacturing technology

Question 21

Inspiration for Streamlining

Answer 21

• A teardrop, highly aerodynamic form,
• The streamline form was often incorporated simply to make products stand out, since aerodynamics often were not an issue.
• Architects adopted a ‘Streamline Moderne’ style, which was heavily influenced by aerodynamic design.

Question 22

Key figure of Streamlining

Answer 22

Raymond Loewy

Question 23

Raymond Loewy

Answer 23

• He started his career in 1928 by designing an improved casing for a Gestetner duplicating machine, modelling with clay to develop its streamlined form.
• His work streamlining locomotive design also introduced welding for the first time as an improved method of manufacturing compared to the rivets previously used.

Question 24

Time period for Streamlining

Answer 24

1935 - 1955