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AP Euro > Unit 5 The French Revolution > Flashcards

Unit 5 The French Revolution Flashcards

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1
Q

Louis XVI

A

French king (1774-1792) who was tried for treason during the French Revolution; he was executed on January 21, 1973

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2
Q

Marie Antoinette

A

Wife of Louis XVI and queen of France who was tried for treason during the French Revolution

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3
Q

Causes of the French Revolution

A

I. Economic Crises
II. Imbalance of the Estates General
III. Bread Shortages

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4
Q

Economic Crises of France

A

I. France was plagued by an inefficient and regressive tax system
II. Debt was accumulated from numerous wars (ex: American War for Independence)
III. Poor crops led to high bread prices

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5
Q

Parlements

A

The 15 regional law courts, to check the king’s ability to tax and legislate arbitrarily

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6
Q

Estates General

A

A body of deputies from the three estates, or orders, of France

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7
Q

The First Estate

A

The clergy who made up 1% of the French population

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8
Q

The Second Estate

A

The nobility who made up 2% of the French population

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9
Q

The Third Estate

A

The commoners of France which consisted of, prosperous merchants and lawyers, sans-culottes, peasants, rural agricultural workers, urban artists, and unskilled day laborers; made up 97% of the French population

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10
Q

Sans-Culottes

A

The laboring poor of Paris, so called because the men wore trousers instead of the knee breaches of the aristocracy and middle class; the word came to refer to the militant radicals of the city

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11
Q

“What Is the Third Estate?”

A

Middle-class abbe (abbot) Emmanuel Joseph Sieyes charged that the nobility contributed nothing at all to the nation’s well-being

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12
Q

The National Assembly

A

On June 17, 1789, the deputies of the Third Estate took unilateral action and declared themselves and whoever would join them the National Assembly, in which each deputy would vote as an individual

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13
Q

The Tennis Court Oath

A

On June 20, 1788, the delegates of the third estate, excluded from their hall, moved to a large tennis court where they swore they would not leave until they drafted a new constitution for France.

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14
Q

Jacques Necker

A

The Swiss Protestant finance minister and the one high official regarded as sympathetic to the deputies’ cause; was fired on July 11 by the king

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15
Q

The Fall of Bastille

A

On July 14, 1789, the sans-culottes stormed the Bastille, a prison symbolizing royal authority, and the prison officials surrendered. The Bastille conquest marked the beginning of open rebellion against the King of France.

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16
Q

Marquis de Lafayette

A

A hero of the American War of Independence and a noble deputy in the National Assembly; He became commander of the new National Guard

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17
Q

Great Fear

A

The French rural panic of 1789, which led to peasant attacks on aristocrats or seigneurial records of peasants’ dues

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18
Q

The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

A

The preamble to the French constitution which was drafted in August 1789; established the sovereignty of the nation and equal rights for citizens

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19
Q

“The Declaration of the Rights of Women”

A

Olympe de Gouges played on the language of the official Declaration to make the point that women should also be included

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20
Q

Key Points of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

A

I. Freedom of Speech
II. Representative Government
III. Abolished hereditary privileges of the first and second estates

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21
Q

The Civil Constitution of the Clergy, 1790

A

I. Disbanded the church’s monastic orders
II. Confiscated church lands
III. Eliminated the tithe
VI. Clergy were placed under the authority of the state

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22
Q

Flight to Varennes

A

On June 20, 1791, the royal family fled toward the eastern border of France but were unable to escape

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23
Q

October March on Versailles, 1789

A

Thousands of women marched to Versailles and stormed the palace, they forced the king to accept the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizens

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24
Q

The National Convention

A

In 1792, the National Assembly voted to dissolve itself and create a more permanent parliament called the National Convention; declared France a republic on September, 22, 1792

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25
Q

The Second French Revolution, 1792

A

The sans-culottes organized an insurrection and attacked the Tuileries’ palace; they forced the arrest of the king

26
Q

Jacobin Club

A

A political club in revolutionary France whose members were well-educated radical Republicans

27
Q

September Massacres, 1792

A

Fearing that political prisoners would aid the advancing Austrian-Prussian army, revolutionaries broke into prisons across France and massacred thousands, many of them innocent bystanders

28
Q

Mountain

A

Led by Robespierre, the French National Convention’s radical faction, which seized legislative power in 1793.

29
Q

Policies of the National Convention

A

I. Fundamentally reordered time by declaring that year one was no longer the year of Christ’s birth, but rather 1792, which they called the Era of Liberty
II. Dissolved the constitutional monarchy which had been established by the National Assembly

30
Q

Execution of the King

A

On January 21, 1793, the king is placed on trial for treason, and after being found guilty by the Convention, is executed by guillotine. France enters into the Reign of Terror

31
Q

Committee of Public Saftey

A

A 12-member elective body elected each month by the Convention, which steers France through the Reign of Terror; led by Maximillian Robespierre

32
Q

Divison of Jacobins, 1792

A

After the fall of the monarchy the Jacobins divided into two factions:
I. The Girondins
II. The Mountain

33
Q

The Girondins

A

A moderate group that fought for control of the French National Convention in 1793

34
Q

Maximillien Robespierre

A

The leader of the Committee of Public Saftey who laid out the principles of a republic of virtue and of the Terror; his arrest and execution in July 1794 brought an end to the Terror

35
Q

Terror

A

The policy established under the direction of the Committee of Public Saftey during the French Revolution to arrest dissidents and execute opponents to protect the republic from its enemies

36
Q

Jean-Paul Marat

A

With his L’Ami du People newspaper demands the deaths of traitors and for heads to roll

37
Q

Counterrevolution

A

Several groups actively opposed the revolution- provinces jealous of the power of Paris, nonjuring clergy, emigres, and religious peasants- and worked to thwart it

38
Q

George Danton

A

Worked to create a revolutionary government in the capital, the Paris Commune, which would play a major role in forcing moderates to adopt more aggressive measures; his followers are known as Indulgents

39
Q

Mass Conscription

A

All French citizens are required to contribute to the war effort

40
Q

Law of General Maximum

A

Abandoning free-market policies, the Convention establishes maximum prices for key commodities and punishes severely those who break the law

41
Q

Abolition of Slavery

A

Ratifying the massive slave revolt in Saint-Domingue (Haiti) led by Toussaint L’Ouverture, the Convention abolished slavery in all French colonies

42
Q

Revolutionary Calendar

A

As part of a de-Christianization campaign, the Convention devises a new calendar; the new republican era began in 1792 as year one

43
Q

Cult of the Supreme Being

A

De-Christianization led to the elimination of saint’s names on streets and Notre Dame becoming a Temple of Reason. Robespierre opposed these excesses and attempted to create a new deistic civic religion, which culminated with a Festival of the Supreme Being in June 1794

44
Q

Hebertists (enrages)

A

Radicals who advocated complete equality and terror

45
Q

Robespierre Execution, 1794

A

The Convention arrests Robespierre and his supporters. After a failed attempt at suicide, Robespierre along with his associates, is guillotined. This event ended the Reign of Terror.

46
Q

Thermidorian Reaction

A

The period following Robespierre’s fall is known as the Thermidorian reaction; Revolutionary violence takes a breather as the Terror subsides and extreme policies are reversed. Jacobin Clubs are closed and a “white terror” instigated against former radicals.

47
Q

The Directory

A

The two-chamber assembly appoints five directors as an executive body. The Directory ran France for four years during the Thermidorian Reaction

48
Q

Coup D’État, 1799

A

Succeeded in creating a new government, the Consulate (with three Consuls). Bonaparte was chosen as the First Consul and quickly outmaneuvered the two other consuls and in 1801 proclaimed himself as First Consul for life.

49
Q

First Consul

A

The most important of the three consuls established by the French Constitution of 1800; the title, given to Napoleon Bonaparte, was taken from Ancient Rome.

50
Q

Concordat of 1801

A

The pope regained some control of the French clergy, and Catholicism was recognized as the majority religion in France. However, the Chruch acknowledged the loss of its properties, and the French government retained veto power over clerical appointments

51
Q

Citizen Armies

A

The French Revolution helped establish, and Napoleon advanced, the notion that warfare was an affair for free and equal citizens, not paid mercenaries

52
Q

War of the Third Coalition

A

Napoleon masterfully defeated each of his continental opponents in turn- Austria, Prussia, and Russia- establishing himself as master of the continent

53
Q

Joseph Fouche

A

The minister of police and once a leading figure in the Terror; he imposed house arrest, arbitrary imprisonment, and surveillance of political dissidents.

54
Q

Civil Code (Napoleonic Code)

A

The French legal code formulated by Napoleon in 1804; it ensured equal treatment under the law to all men and guaranteed religious liberty but it curtailed many rights of women

55
Q

Battle at Trafalgar, 1805

A

The British navy blocked an attempted French invasion by defeating the French and their Spanish allies in a huge naval battle at Trafalgar

56
Q

Battle of Austerlitz, 1805

A

Napoleon captured 25,000 Austrian soldiers at Ulm, in Baria. After marching to Vienna, he trounced the Austrians who were allied with Russia. The Battle of Austerlitz is considered Napoleon’s greatest victory.

57
Q

Treaties of Tilsit

A

Turned Prussian lands west of the Elbe River into the kingdom of Westphalia under Napoleon’s brother Jerome, and Prussia’s Polish provinces became the Duchy of Warsaw.

58
Q

Continental System, 1806

A

Prohibited all commerce between Great Britain and France or France’s dependent states and allies

59
Q

Battle of Nations, 1813

A

With British financial support, Russian, Austrian, Prussian, and Swedish armies met the French outside Leipzig in October 1813 and defeated Napoleon

60
Q

Hundred Days

A

The length of time between Napoleon’s escape from Elba (an island off the Italian coast) and his final defeat

61
Q

Battle of Waterloo, 1815

A

The final battle lost by Napoleon; it took place near Brussels on June 18, 1815, and led to the deposed emperor’s final exile in St.Helena

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