Unit 5 Test Review Flashcards
Well-known as an inventor and scientist who invented the telephone in 1876 which impacted communication technology during this period
Alexander Graham Bell
Well-known as an inventor who developed the light bulb and phonograph and improved the early technology of motion pictures
Thomas Edison
His efforts to lower costs and undersell competition made his steel mills the most modern in the world. By 1900, his steel was cheap and it allowed more bridges and skyscrapers to be affordably built. Played major role in steel industry
Andrew Carnegie
He founded the Standard Oil Company in 1870 and ran it until 1897 and remained its largest shareholder. He controlled 90% of all oil in the U.S.
John D. Rockefeller
Served as the 8th governor of California from 1862 to 1863 and represented the state in the U.S. senate from 1885 until 1893. He also founded Stanford university, named after his son
Leland Stanford
One of the most powerful bankers of his era. He financed railroads and organized U.S. steel, general, and other major corporations
J.P. Morgan
The first inexpensive industrial process for the mass production of steel from molten pig iron before the development of the open hearth furnace
Bessemer Process
Used by industrialists like John D. Rockefeller who used it to consolidate the oil industry and eliminate competition. The strategy led to fewer companies controlling larger portions of the market, resulting in higher prices for consumers due to reduced competition
Horizontal Integration
A strategy where the person or business controls the entire supply chain of an industry. It allowed companies to control every step of a products supply chain and gave companies power over prices and competition
Vertical Integration
Socio-political ideology that applied Charles Darwins theory of “survival of the fittest” to human societies, justifying economic inequality and racism
Social Darwinism
Philosophy by industrialist Andrew Carnegie that argued that wealthy individuals had a moral responsibility to use their money to benefit society by funding philanthropy and donation
Gospel of Wealth
A group of companies acting together as one. They were bound by a legal agreement and worked to reduce competition in an industry
Trusts
The head of the Knights of Labor in the late 1880s it became the nation’s first successful trade union organization he put the worker’s needs first for the first time in U.S. history
Terence Powderly
Founded the American federation of labor (AFL) and served as the organizations president from 1886 to 1894 and promoted harmony among different unions
Samuel Gompers
He was an American socialist leader who created the social democratic party of America and received nearly 1 million votes for president while he was imprisoned in jail. In the court case, the court found that he intentionally obstructed the draft and military recruitment.
Eugene Victor Debs
Founded by Samuel Gompers in 1886 and represented only skilled laborers and it was the first attempt in the U.S. to organize a national federation of labor
National Labor Union
Founded as a secret society of tailors in Philadelphia in 1869 and played a key role in the great railroad strike of 1877
Knights of Labor
Founded in Columbus, Ohio, in 1886 by an alliance of craft unions eager to provide mutual support and disappointed in the Knights of Labor
American Federation of Labor
Violent confrontation between police and labour protestors in Chicago that dramatized the labour movements struggle for recognition
Haymarket Riot
A bloody confrontation between workers of Carnegie Steel Company and the hired security guards, ultimately killing people and causing many injuries
Homestead Strike
Widespread railroad strikes and boycott severely disrupted rail traffic in the midwest of the U.S. in 1894
Pullman Strike
A way for farmers, mostly blacks, to get credit before the planting season by borrowing against the value of anticipated harvests.
Crop-lien system
A propaganda term where Henry Grady urged the south to abandon its agrarian economy for a modern economy in factories, mines, and mills
“New South”
American politician who leaned toward agrarian radicalism
James Weaver
State laws passed in the late 1860s and early 1970s regulating the fees grain elevator companies and railroads charged farmers to store and transport their crops
Granger Laws
Populist leader and orator who ran unsuccessfully 3 times for the U.S. president
William Jennings Bryan
Speech delivered by Williams Jennings Bryan in closing the debate on the party platform
Cross of Gold
Peaked in the 1840s and 1850s and brought hundreds of thousands of new immigrants from northern and western Europe, primarily Irish and german Catholics
Second wave of immigration
Socio-political policy in the 1800s favoring the interests of established inhabitants over those of immigrants from eastern Europe and Asian nations
Nativism
These were established in American cities in response to an influx of European immigrants as well as the urban poverty brought about by industrialization and exploitative labor practices
Settlement houses
It provided a religious rationale for action to address those concerns
Social Gospel
American politician most notable for being the political boss of Tammany Hall (the democratic party’s political machine that played a major role in the politics of the 19th century)
William “Boss” Tweed
A law that gave the U.S. citizens 160 acres of public land to farm and was passed during the civil war to encourage economic growth and develop the American west
Homestead Act
It set aside federal lands to create colleges to “benefit the agricultural and mechanical arts.”
Morrill Land Grant Act
Event where men and women rushed to claim homesteads or to purchase lots in one of the many new towns that sprang into existence overnight
Oklahoma Land Rush
One of the most significant mining discoveries in American history which was made in Nevada. The discovery of gold and silver drew people in and the town of Virginia city was created almost overnight.
Comstock Lode
Connected the existing U.S. rail networks to the West Coast and became the first continuous railroad line across the U.S. It opened the way for settlement of the west, provided new economic opportunities, and stimulated the development of town and communities
Transcontinental Railroad
A native american chief who united the Sioux tribes of the American great plains against the white settlers taking their tribal land
Sitting Bull
Leader of the Wallowa band of the Nez Perce Tribe who became famous in 1877 for leading his people on an epic flight across the rocky mountains
Chief Joseph
American Indian spiritual movement, began in Nevada, and was an expression of rebirth and renewal using the traditional native American circle dance
Ghost Dance
A 71 day protest in 1973 by members of the American Indian movement and started over a dispute with the Oglagala Lakota Tribe’s chariman
Wounded Knee
The government forcibly relocated native american tribes onto designated tracts of land called reservations
Reservation System
Passed in 1887 under Grover Cleveland and allowed the federal government to break up tribal lands
Dawes Severalty Act
American poet and writer who became an activist through her advocacy for native american rights, through her book
Helen Hunt Jackson
The period from the end of reconstruction to the turn of the century and is known for its economic growth, technological advancements, and political corruption
Gilded Age
Led the union armies to victory over the confederacy in the american civil war and was later elected 18th president of U.S.
Ulysses S. Grant
German-born political cartoonist who gave America some of its most enduring symbols: Republican elephants, Democratic donkey, and Uncle Sam
Thomas Nast
Unwritten political deal in the U.S. to settle the intense dispute over the results of the 1876 presidential election
Compromise of 1877
Term used during American election campaigns during the reconstruction era to avenge the blood of soldiers who died in the civil war
“Waving the bloody shirt”
The 20th president of the U.S. and had the 2nd shortest tenure in U.S. presidential history
James Garfield
Stalwarts were in favor of political machines and spoils systems while the half-breeds were in favor of civil service reform and a merit system
Stalwarts vs. Half-Breeds
This act provided that federal government jobs be awarded on the basis of merit and that government employees be selected through competitive exams
Pendleton Civil Service Act
An american political party with an anti-monopoly ideology which was active from 1874 to 1889
Greenback Labor Party
Introduced by Richard Bland and reinstated the silver dollar as legal currency and mandated that the U.S. treasury buy $2 mil to $4 mil of silver each month
Bland-Allison Act
The first democrat to win election to the presidency after the civil war and the first of two U.S. presidents to serve nonconsecutive terms
Grover Cleveland
A piece of legislation that significantly raised import duties on various goods
McKinley Tariff
Supreme court case that upheld a Louisiana state law that allowed for “equal but separate accommodations for the white and colored races.”
Plessy v. Ferguson
Born into slavery and rose to become a leading african american intellectual of the 19th century and found the National Negro Business League
Booker T. Washington
A prominent African American scholar, activist, and writer, advocating for civil rights and racial equality through his influential works and cofounded the NAACP
W.E.B. DuBois
This act gave an absolute 10-year ban on Chinese laborers immigrating to the United States
Chinese Exclusion Act
Theodore Roosevelt’s domestic program reflected his goals: Conservation of natural resources, corporate law, and consumer protection
“The 3 C’s”
Made the decision to enter war and had great leadership during WW1
Woodrow Wilson
Phrase used by Woodrow Wilson and included high tariffs, powerful banking interests, and large industrial monpolies
“Triple Wall of Privilege”
This amendment granted women the right to vote
19th Amendment
A group that became one of the largest and most influential women’s groups of the 19th century by expanding its platform to campaign for labor laws, prison reform, and suffrage
WCTU (Womens Christian Temperance Union)
Prohibited the production, transport, and sale of alcohol
18th Amendment
Amendment that required the direct election of U.S. senators by the botes of the states
17th Amendment
In this case, the court overturned its 1879 decision allowing states to regulate railroads
Wabash Case/Munn v. Illinois
The first federal act that outlawed monopolistic business practices
Sherman Anti-trust Act
Banned the practices of price discrimination and anti-competitive mergers and declared strikes, boycotts, and labor unions legal under federal law
Clayton Anti-trust Act
Granted congress the authority to issue an income tax without having to determine it based on population
16th Amendment
A decentralized central bank that balanced the competing interests of private banks and populist sentiment
Federal Reserve Act
U.S. naval officer and historian who was the most important american strategist of the 19th century
Alfred Thayer Mahan
Proclaimed that the U.S. would not establish permanent control over Cuba
Teller Amendment
An amendment which established the terms under which the U.S. would end its military occupation of Cuba
Platt Amendment
Stated that the U.S. would intervene as a last resort to ensure that other nations in the western hemisphere fufilled their obligations to international creditors
Roosevelt Corollary
A method of negotiating where it is approached peacefully, but recognizing the possible need for force
“big stick diplomacy”
Policy that called for protection of equal privileges for all countries trading with China and for the support of Chinese territorial and administrative integrity
Open Door Policy
Designed as guidelines for the rebuilding of the postwar world
Fourteen Points
He supported the war effort against Spain and beleived that the U.S. should assist the Cuban people in their struggle for independence from Spanish colonial rule
Henry Cabot Lodge
Laws passed during WW1 to suppress dissent and protect the war efforts
Espionage and Sedition Acts
The supreme court invented the famous “clear and present danger” test to determine when a state could constitutionally limit an individuals free speech rights under the first amendment
Schenck v. U.S.
Signed by the Germany and allied nations in 1919 and formally ended WW1
Treaty of Versailles
A group of U.S. senators who opposed the treaty of Versailles and league of nations
Irreconcilables
